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3041:, the new Islamic capital. Within the first six months of Abbasid rule, revolts began erupting in the city, albeit too isolated and unfocused to present a viable threat. Nonetheless, the last of the prominent Umayyads were executed, the traditional officials of Damascus were ostracised, and army generals from the city were dismissed. Afterwards, the Umayyad family cemetery was desecrated and the city walls were torn down, reducing Damascus into a provincial town of little importance. It roughly disappeared from written records for the next century and the only significant improvement of the city was the Abbasid-built treasury dome in the Umayyad Mosque in 789. In 811, distant remnants of the Umayyad dynasty staged a strong uprising in Damascus that was eventually put down.5268:
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2457:, centered on its capital Damascus. The Aramaeans who entered the city without battle, adopted the name "Dimashqu" for their new home. Noticing the agricultural potential of the still-undeveloped and sparsely populated area, they established the water distribution system of Damascus by constructing canals and tunnels which maximized the efficiency of the river Barada. The Romans and the Umayyads later improved the same network, and still forms the basis of the water system of the old part of the city today. The Aramaeans initially turned Damascus into an outpost of a loose federation of Aramaean tribes, known as180:
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5179:. There are about one hundred lines that operate inside the city and some of them extend from the city center to nearby suburbs. There is no schedule for the lines, and due to the limited number of official bus stops, buses will usually stop wherever a passenger needs to get on or off. The number of buses serving the same line is relatively high, which minimizes the waiting time. Lines are not numbered, rather they are given captions mostly indicating the two endpoints and possibly an important station along the line. Between 2019 and 2022, more than 100 modern buses were delivered from4113:
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7322:, p. 194. Quote: "Again, the Holy Prophet "P sent Dihyah bin Khalifa Kalbi to the Byzantine king Heraclius, Hatib bin Abi Baltaeh to the king of Egypt and Alexandria; Allabn Al-Hazermi to Munzer bin Sawa the king of Bahrain; Amer bin Aas to the king of Oman. Salit bin Amri to Hozah bin Ali— the king of Yamama; Shiya bin Wahab to Haris bin Ghasanni to the king of Damascus"3323:. Saladin eventually overthrew the Fatimid caliphs and established himself as Sultan of Egypt. He also began to assert his independence from Nur ad-Din, and with the death of both Amalric and Nur ad-Din in 1174, he was well-placed to begin exerting control over Damascus and Nur ad-Din's other Syrian possessions. In 1177 Saladin was defeated by the crusaders at the1610:, west along the Barada valley, used to provide the city with drinking water, and various sources to the west are tapped by water contractors. The flow of the Barada dropped with the rapid expansion of housing and industry in the city and it is almost dry. The lower aquifers are polluted by the city's runoff from heavily used roads, industry, and sewage.2317:, on the outskirts of Damascus, suggests that the site may have been occupied since the second half of the seventh millennium BC, possibly around 6300 BC. However, evidence of settlement in the wider Barada basin dating back to 9000 BC exists, although no large-scale settlement was present within Damascus' walls until the second millennium BC.3585:. The day after, the victorious sultan entered the city, staying for three months. On 15 December, he left Damascus by Bab al-Jabiya, intent on the conquest of Egypt. Little appeared to have changed in the city: one army had simply replaced another. However, on his return in October 1517, the sultan ordered the construction of a mosque,904:. As of June2023, it was the least livable out of 173 global cities in the same Global Liveability Ranking. In 2017, new development projects have been launched in Damascus to build new residential districts, symbolizing post-war reconstruction. The Old city of Damascus is widely known for numerous sites which includes the1455:, irrigated farmland where many vegetables, cereals, and fruits have been farmed since ancient times. Maps of Roman Syria indicate that the Barada River emptied into a lake of some size east of Damascus. Today it is called Bahira Atayba, the hesitant lake because in years of severe drought, it does not even exist.4163:
and the influx of young Syrian migrants drawn by employment and educational opportunities. The migration of Syrian youths to Damascus has resulted in an average age within the city that is below the national average. Nonetheless, the population of Damascus is thought to have decreased in recent years
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or "the meadow". Al-Marjeh soon became the name of what was initially the central square of modern Damascus, with the city hall in it. The courts of justice, post office, and railway station stood on higher ground slightly to the south. A Europeanized residential quarter soon began to be built on the
4908:
Due to the rapid decline of the population of Old Damascus (between 1995 and 2009 about 30,000 people moved out of the old city for more modern accommodation), a growing number of buildings are being abandoned or are falling into disrepair. In March 2007, the local government announced that it would
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between 37 and 40 AD. In fact, all these theories stem not from any actual evidence outside the New Testament but rather "a certain understanding of 2 Corinthians 11:32" and in reality "neither from archaeological evidence, secular-historical sources, nor New Testament texts can Nabatean sovereignty
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of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains and the prevailing ocean currents. Summers are prolonged, dry, and hot with less humidity. Winters are cool and somewhat rainy; snowfall is infrequent. Autumn is brief and mild, but has the most drastic temperature change, unlike spring where the transition to summer is
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Damascus has a wealth of historical sites dating back to many different periods of the city's history. Since the city has been built up with every passing occupation, it has become almost impossible to excavate all the ruins of Damascus that lie up to 2.4m (8ft) below the modern level.
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ruling in Damascus and Cairo. Damascus was the capital of independent Ayyubid rulers between 1193 and 1201, from 1218 to 1238, from 1239 to 1245, and from 1250 to 1260. At other times it was ruled by the Ayyubid rulers of Egypt. During the internecine wars fought by the Ayyubid rulers, Damascus was
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By the 8th century BC, Damascus was practically engulfed by the Assyrians and entered a Dark Age. Nonetheless, it remained the economic and cultural center of the Near East as well as the Arameaen resistance. In 727, a revolt took place in the city but was put down by Assyrian forces. After Assyria
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Shias, Fatemids, and Dawoodi Bohras believe that after the battle of Karbala (680 AD), in Iraq, the Umayyad Caliph Yezid brought Imam Husain's head to Damascus, where it was first kept in the courtyard of Yezid Mahal, now part of Umayyad Mosque complex. All other remaining members of Imam Husain's
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besieged the city for ten days, which surrendered between December 30, 1299, and January 6, 1300, though its Citadel resisted. Ghazan then retreated with most of his forces in February, probably because the Mongol horses needed fodder, and left behind about 10,000 horsem*n under the Mongol general
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river valley. The Anti-Lebanon Mountains mark the border between Syria and Lebanon. The range has peaks of over 10,000ft (3,000m) and blocks precipitation from the Mediterranean Sea, so the region of Damascus is sometimes subject to droughts. However, in ancient times, the Barada River
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The Old City of Damascus with an approximate area of 86.12 hectares is surrounded by ramparts on the northern and eastern sides and part of the southern side. There are seven extant city gates, the oldest of which dates back to the Roman period. These are, clockwise from the north of the citadel:
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The tourism industry in Damascus has a lot of potential, however, the civil war has hampered these prospects. The abundance of cultural wealth in Damascus has been modestly employed since the late 1980s with the development of many accommodation and transportation establishments and other related
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in the region and brought about new development of warfare. Damascus was only a peripheral part of this picture, which mostly affected the larger population centers of ancient Syria. However, these events contributed to the development of Damascus as a new influential center that emerged with the
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By June 2012, bullets and shrapnel shells smashed into homes in Damascus overnight as troops battled the Free Syrian Army in the streets. At least three tank shells slammed into residential areas in the central Damascus neighborhood of Qaboun, according to activists. Intense exchanges of assault
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of the Seljuq dynasty. Under Duqaq and Toghtekin, Damascus experienced stability, elevated status, and a revived role in commerce. In addition, the city's Sunni majority enjoyed being a part of the larger Sunni framework effectively governed by various Turkic dynasties who in turn were under the
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against the Neo-Assyrian army. Aram-Damascus came out victorious, temporarily preventing the Assyrians from encroaching into Syria. However, after Hadadzezer was killed by his successor, Hazael, the Levantine alliance collapsed. Aram-Damascus attempted to invade Israel but was interrupted by the
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periods. Today, it is the seat of the central government of Syria. Damascus lost its glory during the civil war, which began in 2011. The city experienced numerous bombings during the war and was battleground between the opposition groups and the government forces. In 2018, the Syrian government
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In 2008, the government announced a plan to construct a Damascus Metro. The green line will be an essential west–east axis for the future public transportation network, serving Moadamiyeh, Sumariyeh, Mezzeh, Damascus University, Hijaz, the Old City, Abbassiyeen and Qaboun Pullman bus station. A
3113:(996–1021). In 998, hundreds of Damascus citizens were rounded up and executed by him for incitement. Three years after al-Hakim's mysterious disappearance, a rebellion was initiated in southern Syria against the Fatimids, but was stifled by the Fatimid Turkish governor of Syria and Palestine,4027:
The historical role that Damascus played as an important trade center has changed in recent years due to political development in the region as well as the development of modern trade. Most goods produced in Damascus, as well as in Syria, are distributed to countries of the Arabian peninsula.
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Little remains of the architecture of the Romans, but the town planning of the old city did have a lasting effect. The Roman architects brought together the Greek and Aramaean foundations of the city and fused them into a new layout measuring approximately 1,500 by 750m (4,920 by
2422:, but now the land of Judea, and this when his posterity became a multitude; as to which posterity of his, we relate their history in another work. Now the name of Abraham is even still famous in the country of Damascus; and there is a village named after him, The Habitation of Abraham.2647:) and the Cardo (north-south), the Decumanus being about twice as long. The Romans built a monumental gate which still survives at the eastern end of Decumanus Maximus. The gate originally had three arches: the central arch was for chariots while the side arches were for pedestrians.2884:, the Byzantines fielded an army superior to that of the Rashidun in manpower. They advanced into southern Syria during the spring of 636 and consequently Khalid ibn al-Walid's forces withdrew from Damascus to prepare for renewed confrontation. In August, the two sides met along the2472:, the claimant to Aram-Zobah's throne who was denied kingship of the federation, fled Beqaa and captured Damascus by force in 965 BC. Ezron overthrew the city's tribal governor and founded the independent entity of Aram-Damascus. As this new state expanded south, it prevented the5414:
oasis is also a weekend destination for recreation. Many recreation centers operate in the city including sports clubs, swimming pools, and golf courses. The Syrian Arab Horse Association in Damascus offers a wide range of activities and services for horse breeders and riders.
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3204:, Toghtekin managed to halt Crusader raids in the Golan and Hauran. Mawdud was assassinated in the Umayyad Mosque in 1109, depriving Damascus of northern Muslim backing and forcing Toghtekin to agree to a truce with the Crusaders in 1110. In 1126, the Crusader army led by4435:
throughout the second half of the 20th century has been an influential current in the Sunni religious practises, particularly in Damascus. The largest women-only and girls-only Muslim movement in the world happens to be Sufi-oriented and is based in Damascus, led by
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and some scholars believe that Herod was also granted control of Damascus as well. The control of Damascus reverted to Syria either upon the death of Herod the Great or was part of the lands given to Herod Philip which were given to Syria with his death in 33/34 AD.
3264:; Isma'il's brother, Shihab al-Din Mahmud, replaced him. Meanwhile, Zengi, intent on putting Damascus under his control, married Safwat al-Mulk in 1138. Mahmud's reign then ended in 1139 after he was killed for relatively unknown reasons by members of his family.4047:
formally opened for trade in March 2009, and the exchange is the only stock exchange in Syria. It is located in the Barzeh district, within Syria's financial markets and securities commission. Its final home is to be located in the upmarket business district of
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had previously attempted to capture the city in April 634 but without success. With Damascus now in Muslim-Arab hands, the Byzantines, alarmed at the loss of their most prestigious city in the Near East, had decided to wrest back control of it. Under Emperor
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and Palestine. Duqaq seemed to have been content with Crusader's rule as a buffer between his dominion and the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. Toghtekin, however, saw the Western invaders as a viable threat to Damascus which, at the time, nominally included
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Streets in Damascus are often narrow, especially in the older parts of the city, and speed bumps are widely used to limit the speed of vehicles. Many taxi companies operate in Damascus. Fares are regulated by law and taxi drivers are obliged to use a
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American Missionary E.C. Miller records that in 1867 the population of the city was 'about' 140,000, of whom 30,000 were Christians, 10,000 Jews, and 100,000 'Mohammedans' with fewer than 100 Protestant Christians. In the meantime, American writer
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in 1192. Saladin allowed pilgrimages to be made to Jerusalem, allowing the Crusaders to fulfill their vows, after which they all returned home. Local crusader barons set about rebuilding their kingdom from Acre and the other coastal cities.
3054:, a dissenting Turkish wali appointed by the Abbasids, conquered Syria, including Damascus, from his overlords in 878–79. In an act of respect for the previous Umayyad rulers, he erected a shrine on the site of Mu'awiya's grave in the city.4132:
Damascus's population in 2004 was estimated to be 2.7 million people. The estimated population of Damascus in 2011 was 1,711,000. However, in 2022, the city had an estimated population of 2,503,000, which in early 2023 rose to 2,584,771.
3297:, however, was a complete failure. When the city seemed to be on the verge of collapse, the crusader army suddenly moved against another section of the walls and was driven back. By 1154, Damascus was firmly under Nur ad-Din's control.3718:, in which he mentioned: "Though old as history itself, thou art fresh as the breath of spring, blooming as thine own rose-bud, and fragrant as thine own orange flower, O Damascus, pearl of the East!". In November 1898, German emperor2834:, the king of Damascus. In his letter, Muhammad stated: "Peace be upon him who follows true guidance. Be informed that my religion shall prevail everywhere. You should accept Islam, and whatever under your command shall remain yours."6614:
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against Damascus with nearly 2,000 knights and 10,000 infantry. However, Buri allied with Zengi and managed to prevent their army from reaching the city. Buri was assassinated by Isma'ili agents in 1132; he was succeeded by his son,
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renewed Assyrian invasion. Hazael ordered a retreat to the walled part of Damascus while the Assyrians plundered the remainder of the kingdom. Unable to enter the city, they declared their supremacy in the Hauran and Beqa'a valleys.
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between the regular army and rebels reached the outskirts of Damascus, reportedly preventing people from leaving or reaching their houses, especially when security operations there intensified from the end of January into February.
3109:, visited Damascus in 985, remarking that the architecture and infrastructure of the city were "magnificent", but living conditions were awful. Under al-Aziz, the city saw a brief period of stability that ended with the reign of3832:
whereby Britain and France had arranged to partition the Arab East between them. A new Franco-British proclamation on 17 November promised the "complete and definitive freeing of the peoples so long oppressed by the Turks." The
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on its 2008 Watch List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites in the world. It is hoped that its inclusion on the list will draw more public awareness to these significant threats to the future of the historic Old City of Damascus.
4565:, also known as the Grand Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest mosques in the world and also one of the oldest sites of continuous prayer since the rise of Islam. A shrine in the mosque is said to contain the body of4988:, which is the oldest and largest university in Syria. After the enactment of legislation allowing private higher institutions, several new universities were established in the city and the surrounding area, including:4006:
in 2019, based on factors such as: stability, healthcare, culture and environment, education, and infrastructure. However, the trend of being the least liveable city on Earth started in 2017, and continued as of 2023.
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in 1095. The Seljuqs established a court in Damascus and a systematic reversal of Shia inroads in the city. The city also saw an expansion of religious life through private endowments financing religious institutions
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went on a wide-scale campaign of quelling revolts throughout Syria, Damascus became subjugated by their rule. A positive effect of this was stability for the city and benefits from the spice and incense trade with
2453:, in the 11th century BC. By the start of the first millennium BC, several Aramaic kingdoms were formed, as Aramaeans abandoned their nomadic lifestyle and formed federated tribal states. One of these kingdoms was1493:
and Imara in the north and north-west. These neighborhoods originally arose on roads leading out of the city, near the tombs of religious figures. In the 19th century outlying villages developed on the slopes of
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family (left alive after Karbala) along with the heads of all other companions, who were killed at Karbala, were also brought to Damascus. These members were kept as prisoners on the outskirts of the city (near
4615:), where the other heads were kept at the same location, now called Ru'ûs ash-Shuhadâ-e-Karbala or ganj-e-sarha-e-shuhada-e-Karbala. There is a qibla (place of worship) marked at the place, where devotees say8667:
Katz, Ketsi'ah (1981), Masoret ha-lashon ha-'Ibrit shel Yehude Aram-Tsoba (Ḥalab) bi-qri'at ha-Miqra ve-ha-Mishnah (The Hebrew Language Tradition of the Jews of Aleppo in the Reading of the Bible and Mishnah)
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5244:. The preparation for the festivity began in February 2007 with the establishing of the Administrative Committee for "Damascus Arab Capital of Culture" by a presidential decree. Museums in Damascus includes3121:
where he died in 1041. From that date to 1063, there are no known records of the city's history. By then, Damascus lacked a city administration, had an enfeebled economy, and a greatly reduced population.
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5456:: a town located 51km (32mi) north-west of Damascus, its moderate temperature and low humidity in summer attracts many visitors from Damascus and throughout Syria, Lebanon and the4529:(east-west main street) of Roman Damascus, and extended for over 1,500m (4,900ft). Today, it consists of the street of Bab Sharqi and the Souk Medhat Pasha, a covered market. The4909:
be demolishing Old City buildings along a 1,400m (4,600ft) stretch of rampart walls as part of a redevelopment scheme. These factors resulted in the Old City being placed by the
3274:("slave soldier") took effective power of the city, prompting Zengi—with Safwat al-Mulk's backing—to lay siege against Damascus the same year. In response, Damascus allied with the Crusader3002:. Following the murder of the latter in 743, the Caliphate of the Umayyads—which by then stretched from Spain to India— was crumbling as a result of widespread revolts. During the reign of6406:
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are the second largest ethnic minority, with a population of approximately 300,000. They reside primarily in the neighborhoods of Wadi al-Mashari ("Zorava" or "Zore Afa" in Kurdish) and
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in 1192, recovering most of the coast for the Christians, but could not recover Jerusalem or any of the inland territory of the kingdom. The crusade came to an end peacefully, with the
3117:, in 1029. This victory gave the latter mastery over Syria, displeasing his Fatimid overlords, but gaining the admiration of Damascus' citizens. He was exiled by Fatimid authorities to2643:
conquered the region. Still today the Old Town of Damascus retains the rectangular shape of the Roman city, with its two main axes: the Decumanus Maximus (east-west; known today as the
54:
4069:, were permitted starting in the early 2000s with the liberalization of trade that took place. Traditional handcrafts and artisan copper engravings are still produced in the old city.2892:
which ended in a decisive Muslim victory, solidifying Muslim rule in Syria and Palestine. While the Muslims administered the city, the population of Damascus remained mostly Christian—
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in 33/34 AD and the death of Aretas in 40 AD but there is substantial evidence against Aretas controlling the city before 37 AD and many reasons why it could not have been a gift from
14111:
8116:
9254:
7966:
Ellen Clare Miller, 'Eastern Sketches – notes of scenery, schools and tent life in Syria and Palestine'. Edinburgh: William Oliphant and Company. 1871. page 90. quoting Eli Jones, a
3700:. The Christian quarter of the old city (mostly inhabited by Catholics), including several churches, was burnt down. The Christian inhabitants of the notoriously poor and refractory3438:; hence, the citizens of Damascus saw for the first time for six centuries three Christian potentates ride in triumph through their streets. However, following the Mongol defeat at5466:: a city close to the border with Lebanon. Its mild weather along with the scenic views, made the town a popular resort both for tourists and for visitors from other Syrian cities.1565:
refugees. City planners preferred to preserve the Ghouta as far as possible, and in the later 20th century some of the main areas of development were to the north, in the western
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3506:. These were the luckier citizens: many were slaughtered and their heads piled up in a field outside the north-east corner of the walls, where a city square still bears the name15787:
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is one of the largest parks in Damascus. It is home to the annual Damascus Flower Show. Other parks include al-Jahiz, al-Sibbki, al-Tijara, al-Wahda, etc... The city's famous
2418:, called the land of the Chaldeans: but, after a long time, he got him up, and removed from that country also, with his people, and went into the land then called the land of4673:
in the south-east, from which tradition holds that Saint Paul made his escape from Damascus, lowered from the ramparts in a basket; this gate has been closed and turned into
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In the early years of the 20th century, nationalist sentiment in Damascus, initially cultural in its interest, began to take a political coloring, largely in reaction to the
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From the late 19th century on, a modern administrative and commercial center began to spring up to the west of the old city, around the Barada, centered on the area known as
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which is almost dry (3cm (1in) left). To the southeast, north, and northeast it is surrounded by suburban areas whose history stretches back to the Middle Ages:
3463:. In May 1300, the Egyptian Mamluks returned from Egypt and reclaimed the entire area without a battle. In April 1303, the Mamluks managed to defeat the Mongol army led by9391:
9369:
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9048:"Analysing of the sustainable development goals in Damascus University during Syrian crisis using the strategy in the university and the bibliometrics data from SciVal"4036:
investments. Since the early 2000s, numerous boutique hotels and bustling cafes opened in the old city which attracts plenty of European tourists and Damascenes alike.
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were killed in the city along with their leaders. The Sunnis were provoked by rumors alleging there was a plot by the Isma'ilis, who controlled the strategic fort at
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was also established as the official language, giving the Muslim minority of the city an advantage over the Aramaic-speaking Christians in administrative affairs.
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4440:. Syrian Sufism has its stronghold in urban regions such as Damascus, where it also established political movements such as Zayd, with the help of a series of4136:
Damascus is the center of a crowded metropolitan area with an estimated population of 5million. The metropolitan area of Damascus includes the cities of
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2978:(known as the Umayyad Mosque) in 706. The site originally had been the Christian Cathedral of St. John and the Muslims maintained the building's dedication to8337:
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spread to Damascus, the French suppressed it with heavy weaponry, bombing and shelling the city on 9 May 1926. As a result, the area of the old city between
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spilled over into the city. Several thousand Christians were killed in June 1860, with many more being saved through the intervention of the Algerian exile
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5214:mi) west of the old city. The station is now defunct and the tracks have been removed, but there still is a ticket counter and a shuttle to Damascus4936:
9767:
Ibn Khaldūn and Tamerlane: Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, 1401 A.d. (803 A. H.) A Study Based on Arabic Manuscripts of Ibn Khaldūn's "Autobiography,"
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On 20 May 2018, Damascus and the entire Rif Dimashq Governorate came fully under government control for the first time in 7 years after the evacuation of
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in 685, an Islamic coinage system was introduced and all of the surplus revenue of the Caliphate's provinces were forwarded to the treasury of Damascus.
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in Iraq, conquered Damascus after facing little resistance. With the heralding of the Abbasid Caliphate, Damascus became eclipsed and subordinated by
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The Harat Al Yehud or Jewish Quarter is a recently restored historical tourist destination popular among Europeans before the outbreak of civil war.
8702:
Linda Kay Davidson and David Martin Gitlitz, Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland, an Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002), 141–42.
3577:, started a campaign of conquest against the Mamluk sultanate. On 21 September, the Mamluk governor of Damascus fled the city, and on 2 October the3153:). Damascus soon became one of the most important centers of propagating Islamic thought in the Muslim world. After Duqaq died in 1104, his mentor (10865:
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3597:. This was to be the first of Damascus' great Ottoman monuments. During this time, according to an Ottoman census, Damascus had 10,423 households.3293:, emir of Aleppo, made an alliance with Damascus. When the European crusaders arrived, they and the nobles of Jerusalem agreed to attack Damascus.9313:
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2748:, and the silk routes from China all converging on it. The city satisfied the Roman demands for eastern luxuries. Circa 125 AD the Roman emperor659:
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7652:, vol. II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311, ed. R. L. Wolff and H. W. Hazard (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), pp. 45–49.6889:
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The now modernized Al-Fayhaa Sports City features a basketball court and a hall that can accommodate up to 8,000 people. In late November 2021,
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forces by a mixed British Indian and Free French force. The French agreed to withdraw in 1946, following the British intervention during the
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The Shia Fatimids gained control in 970, inflaming hostilities between them and the Sunni Arabs of the city who frequently revolted. A Turk,
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from spreading north and the two kingdoms soon clashed as they both sought to dominate trading hegemony in the east. Under Ezron's grandson,
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967. A period of instability in the city followed, with a Qarmatian raid in 968, a Byzantine raid in 970, and increasing pressures from the
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annexed the western part of Syria. The Romans occupied Damascus and subsequently incorporated it into the league of ten cities known as the
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5142:, approximately 20km (12mi) away from the city, with connections to a few Middle Eastern cities. Before the beginning of the4257:
Christians represent about 10%–15% of the population. Several Eastern Christian rites have their headquarters in Damascus, including the
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3066:. Due to their inability to control the vast amount of land they occupied, the Qarmatians withdrew from Damascus and a new dynasty, the2944:'s death in 661, Mu'awiya was chosen as the caliph of the expanding Islamic empire. Because of the vast amounts of assets his clan, the13101:
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in 1183, but was forced to withdraw. He finally launched a full invasion of Jerusalem in 1187 and annihilated the crusader army at the
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Muhammad's first indirect interaction with the people of Damascus was when he sent a letter, through his companion Shiya ibn Wahab, to
3764:, governor of Damascus, in Beirut and Damascus in 1915 and 1916 further stoked nationalist feeling, and in 1918, as the forces of the15757:
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7997:
6919:
4043:
and Basilia City are two new development projects in Damascus. These two projects are viewed as post-war reconstruction efforts. The
2815:
2700:
853:
mountain range 80 kilometres (50mi) inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres (2,230ft)
248:
13291:
8055:
3677:
933:
418:
9450:
8315:
7713:
6001:
961:
849:. Situated in southwestern Syria, Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area. Nestled among the eastern foothills of the15792:
13639:
12287:
10223:
8714:
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4293:
have reportedly been observed between 1982 and 2004. The Patriarchal See of the Syriac Orthodox is based in Damascus, Bab Touma.
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13079:
8813:
8517:
5057:
In Damascus, Higher education in Syrian Arab Republic started with sustainable development steps through Damascus University.
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981:
952:
949:
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13658:
13054:
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Early in the nineteenth century, Damascus was noted for its shady cafes along the banks of the Barada. A depiction of these by
3561:
992:
989:
958:
955:
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1458:
The modern city has an area of 105km (41sqmi), out of which 77km (30sqmi) is urban, while
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13681:
11926:
10418:
9811:
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in 613, along with a large number of Byzantine troops as prisoners, and was in Sasanian hands until near the end of the war.
8855:
8581:
8465:
7215:
6270:
Ancient Damascus: A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times Until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 BC.
2764:, remains from the Roman period. Roman Damascus lies mostly at depths of up to five meters (16 feet) below the modern city.12726:
10840:
10428:
9904:
8612:
6699:
6507:
3985:
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was burnt and men and women were taken into slavery. A huge number of the city's artisans were taken to Timur's capital at
2589:
the capital of his vast empire, which led to the decline of Damascus' importance compared with new Seleucid cities such as
6591:
5353:
The city also has a modern golf course located near the Ebla Cham Palace Hotel on the southeastern outskirts of Damascus.
4383:
14757:
13284:
10259:
6243:
5343:
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and his soldiers (three days after the massacre started), who brought them to safety in Abd al-Qadir's residence and the
3239:, took power in Aleppo and gained a mandate from the Abbasids to extend his authority to Damascus. In 1129, around 6,0002473:
917:
9392:"Care-i cel mai... înfrățit oraș din România? Care-i cu americanii, care-i cu rușii? Și care-i înfrățit cu Timișoara..."3289:
from Europe in 1148. In the meantime, Zengi was assassinated and his territory was divided among his sons, one of whom,
15210:
15034:
10423:
9936:
8423:
8169:
6569:
6562:
A Political History of the Arameans: From Their Origins to the End of Their Polities (Archaeology and Biblical Studies)
6343:
5048:
3196:, the Beqaa Valley, Hauran, and the Golan Heights as part of its territories. With military support from Sharaf al-Din3098:
1498:, overlooking the city, already the site of the al-Salihiyah neighborhood centered on the important shrine of medieval8677:
5183:
as part of the international agreement. These deliveries strengthened and modernized the public transport of Damascus.
3426:
Ayyubid rule (and independence) came to an end with the Mongol invasion of Syria in 1260, in which the Mongols led by
1577:
in the north-east. Poorer areas, often built without official approval, have mostly developed south of the main city.
15767:
15053:
9830:
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8994:
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near Damascus; however, despite their tactical victory, the Crusaders failed in their objective to capture Damascus.
2545:. However, Assyrian authority was dwindling by 609–605 BC, and Syria-Palestine was falling into the orbit of Pharaoh769:
716:
5388:
are activities frequented in cafés. These coffeehouses had an international reputation in the past, as indicated by
4939:, a traditional hand-craft region in a protected buffer zone near the walls of Old Damascus between the Citadel and1540:. The commercial and administrative center of the new city gradually shifted northwards slightly towards this area.212:
13754:
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8341:
7945:
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in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837. Current movies can be seen at Cinema City which was previously known as
4590:
4266:
4247:
3962:
3139:
146:
6077:
Totah, Faedah M. (2009). "Return to the origin: negotiating the modern and unmodern in the old city of Damascus".
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both lived in that neighborhood. Roman Catholic historians also consider Bab Tuma to be the birthplace of several
1415:
536:
15777:
10241:
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8138:
4724:
4413:
3757:
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to resist Zengi's forces. Consequently, Zengi withdrew his army and focused on campaigns against northern Syria.
3209:
7835:
1553:
In the 20th century, newer suburbs developed north of the Barada, and to some extent to the south, invading the
13094:
12482:
10900:
10825:
10513:
9908:
8764:
5139:
4290:
3472:
1643:
884:. Damascus saw its importance decline throughout the Abbasid era, only to regain significant importance in the567:
6997:
6831:
5959:
3977:
suffered heavy bombing in December 2017 and a further wave of bombing started in February 2018, also known as
15797:
14121:
11741:
10979:
10930:
10920:
10905:
10408:
10168:
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7883:
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region), and went on the offensive with Israel. This conflict continued until the early 8th century BC when
13943:
13930:
13917:
13904:
13891:
10935:
10915:
10910:
10880:
10592:
10060:
9217:
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5241:
4661:("Touma" or "Thomas's Gate") in the north-east corner, leading into the Christian quarter of the same name,4061:, cement, and various chemical industries. The majority of factories are run by the state, however limited4044:
2760:
2,460ft), surrounded by a city wall. The city wall contained seven gates, but only the eastern gate,
1635:
more gradual and steady. Annual rainfall is around 130mm (5in), occurring from October to May.
1339:
facing east, oriented to the sunrise, will find the north to the left. This is contrasted with the name of
345:
14089:
10994:
9143:
5914:
1451:
mitigated this, which originates from mountain streams fed by melting snow. Damascus is surrounded by the
15709:
15156:
14978:
14752:
10482:
10373:
10335:
10173:
10125:
10024:
9116:
5245:
5234:
4886:
4553:, the Ottoman governor of Syria who renovated the Souk. At the end of Bab Sharqi Street, one reaches the4029:
3999:
3693:
3447:
3304:
3251:. Soon after the massacre, the Crusaders aimed to take advantage of the unstable situation and launch an2614:
1474:
9602:
5845:
3459:. Around March 1300, Mulay returned with his horsem*n to Damascus, then followed Ghazan back across the3394:
The patterned Byzantine and Chinese silks available through Damascus, one of the Western termini of the
2357:
where the former handed over control of the Damascus area to Ramesses II in 1259 BC. The arrival of the
15716:
14133:
13070:
10766:
10668:
10457:
9307:
9286:
5896:
5439:
5017:
4453:
4321:
4003:
3854:
3719:
1547:
1335:). The latter term etymologically means "land of the left-hand side" or "the north", as someone in the913:
901:
330:
100:
8210:
4368:
3771:
3089:
Damascus was the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate, which extended from Western Europe to Southern Asia
2994:
in 724. With these successions, the status of Damascus was gradually weakening as Suleiman had chosen
2341:. The Damascus region, as well as the rest of Syria, became a battleground circa 1260 BC, between the15762:
13087:
12563:
10925:
10890:
10820:
10498:
10433:
10403:
10393:
10378:
9339:
9191:
8382:
6885:
6859:
5870:
5706:
5431:
5002:
4992:
3901:
3893:, and a new road was built outside the northern ramparts to facilitate the movement of armored cars.3842:
3431:
3340:
2983:
2663:
2503:
Another possible reason for the treaty between Aram-Damascus and Israel was the common threat of the
20:
6613:. Damascus Metropolitan Area Urban Planning and Development. October 2009. p.2. Archived from5936:
3442:
on 3 September 1260, Damascus was captured five days later and became the provincial capital of the
3414:
3097:
drove out the Fatimids five years later, and through diplomacy, prevented the Byzantines during the
1619:
541:
15747:
13066:
10972:
10795:
10587:
9885:
8363:
6540:
5775:
5730:
5389:
5350:, making Damascus host of Syria's first international basketball tournament in almost two decades.5271:
4947:
4508:
4503:
3889:("the fire"). The old city was surrounded with barbed wire to prevent rebels from infiltrating the3834:
3644:
3498:, who negotiated with him, but after their withdrawal, Timur sacked the city on 17 March 1401. The3491:
3443:
3388:
3294:
3257:
3134:
in the late 11th century, Damascus again became the capital of independent states. It was ruled by
2975:
2732:, Damascus and the Roman province of Syria in general began to prosper. Damascus's importance as a1145:
637:
608:
506:
9024:
8916:
3760:
government established in Istanbul in 1908. The hanging of a number of patriotic intellectuals by
3175:
While the rulers of Damascus were preoccupied in conflict with their fellow Seljuqs in Aleppo and
1506:. These new neighborhoods were initially settled by Kurdish soldiery and Muslim refugees from the15505:
15385:
14236:
13777:
13727:
13109:
12732:
12131:
11002:
10885:
10870:
10835:
10780:
10163:
6641:
6630:
The Palestinian refugees in Syria. Their past, present, and future. Dr. Hamad Said al-Mawed, 1999
5487:
4954:
have been recognized by The World Monument Fund as one of the most endangered sites in the world.
4782:
4694:
4578:
4445:
4420:
4250:. It is believed that there are more than 200 mosques in Damascus, the most well-known being the4243:
3802:
3704:
district outside the walls (mostly Orthodox) were, however, protected by their Muslim neighbors.
3544:
3205:
3045:
2982:. By 715, the mosque was complete. Al-Walid died that same year and he was succeeded at first by2971:
2961:
2864:
2784:
2718:
Damascus became a metropolis by the beginning of the 2nd century and in 222 it was upgraded to a
2704:
2387:
921:
548:
414:
6046:
3604:
from 1832 to 1840. Because of its importance as the point of departure for one of the two great
2703:
served as governor of Syria from 73 to 74 AD, where he met the Nabatean architect and engineer,
15349:
13692:
11791:
11282:
10895:
10850:
10845:
10741:
10472:
10070:
9929:
7875:
6545:
6295:
Frank Moore Cross (February 1972). "The Stele Dedicated to Melcarth by Ben-Hadad of Damascus".
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5197:
5012:
4892:
4719:
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4542:
4262:
4258:
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and the British Imperial forces approached, residents fired on the retreating Turkish troops.
3745:
The Turkish Hospital in Damascus on 1 October 1918, shortly after the entry of the Australian
14782:
14730:
14379:
12844:
11010:
9999:
9652:
7589:
6468:
6052:
5814:
5325:, Qasioun SC, al-Thawra SC, Maysalun SC, al-Fayhaa SC, Dummar SC, al-Majd SC and al-Arin SC.5294:
5257:
5190:
5146:, the airport had connectivity to many Asian, European, African, and, South American cities.5027:
4870:
4286:
3838:
3829:
3821:
3628:
for pilgrims on the road to Mecca, was completed to a design by the famous Ottoman architect
3114:
3110:
2831:
2675:
2573:. After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Damascus became the site of a struggle between the2515:
coalition, that included forces from the northern Aram-Hamath kingdom and troops supplied by
562:
298:
14345:
3539:
3017:
90:
14854:
14848:
14394:
14261:
13993:
13812:
13707:
13478:
12755:
12121:
10875:
10761:
10644:
10523:
10383:
10213:
10138:
10115:
10100:
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10039:
9976:
9059:
7879:
7870:
6653:
6119:
5574:
5483:
5302:
5278:
5253:
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4910:
4815:
4793:
4714:
4674:
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4516:
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4390:
4375:
4278:
4215:
There was once a significant Jewish community in Damascus, but as of 2023, no Jews remain.
4205:
3946:
3916:
3714:
3621:
3348:
3324:
3301:
3275:
3265:
2788:
2407:
2299:
1562:
1019:
1008:
909:
488:
303:
77:
9840:
Schein, Sylvia (October 1979). "Gesta Dei per Mongolos 1300. The Genesis of a Non-Event".
9540:
9480:
8004:
6911:
5911:"President al-Assad issues decrees on appointing new governors for eight Syrian provinces"4242:
districts of Mezzeh 86 and Sumariyah. Twelvers primarily live near the Shia holy sites of
1481:
The old city of Damascus, enclosed by the city walls, lies on the south bank of the river
836:
815:
8:
14917:
14879:
14725:
13721:
13062:
12838:
12591:
12283:
11966:
10855:
10830:
10649:
10626:
10607:
10388:
10330:
10325:
10208:
10095:
10080:
10065:
10055:
10009:
9986:
9966:
7889:
7616:
5724:
5473:
5377:
5333:
5329:
5306:
5298:
5120:
5088:
4985:
4978:
4842:
4837:
4810:
4558:
4498:
4457:
4112:
3920:
3868:
3798:
3697:
3439:
3352:
3312:
2872:
2570:
2529:
2504:
597:
11094:
9890:
9088:
9063:
9047:
8059:
6657:
3919:, with its collection of archaeological and historical religious sites, was listed as a3849:
crossed the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, defeated a small Syrian defensive expedition at the
1465:
1438:, and at a crossroads between trade routes: the north-south route connecting Egypt with15184:
15166:
15130:
15102:
14968:
14047:
13934:
13550:
12942:
11841:
11801:
11103:
10686:
10582:
10158:
10153:
10105:
9857:
9748:
8311:
7937:
7897:
7871:
6316:
6308:
6277:
5846:"معنى كلمة الفَيْحَاءُ في معجم المعاني الجامع والمعجم الوسيط – معجم عربي عربي – صفحة 1"5157:
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4798:
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3260:
who ruled tyrannically until he was murdered in 1135 on secret orders from his mother,
3070:, took control of the city. They maintained the independence of Damascus from the Arab2849:
2792:
2582:
1631:
858:
14286:
8711:
3680:
was also one of the most notorious incidents of these centuries when fighting between
2948:, owned in the city and because of its traditional economic and social links with the15742:
15525:
15481:
15365:
15339:
15202:
14983:
14958:
14666:
14141:
13153:
12996:
12476:
12141:
12061:
12001:
11906:
11581:
10953:
10815:
10810:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10251:
10148:
10110:
10090:
10085:
10014:
9922:
9853:
9826:
9807:
9784:
9734:
9715:
9696:
9668:
9633:
9614:
9093:
9075:
8703:
8571:
8513:
8455:
7719:
7205:
7076:
6565:
6513:
6474:
6435:
6396:
6339:
6320:
6226:
6148:
6123:
6092:
6079:
6013:
5656:
4963:
4546:
4526:
4486:
4437:
3970:
rifle fire marked the clash, according to residents and amateur video posted online.
3880:
3876:
3858:
3633:
3236:
3228:
3034:
2889:
2808:
2737:
2723:
2679:
2618:
2578:
2550:
2400:
2346:
2236:
2189:
2141:
1409:
1379:
1110:
1086:
873:
434:
8786:
8233:
6665:
5566:
4974:
3446:, ruled from Egypt, following the Mongol withdrawal. Following their victory at the3105:, wrested back control of the city and tamed Sunni dissidents. The Arab geographer,2636:
which themselves were incorporated into the province of Syria and granted autonomy.
2414:
reigned at Damascus, being a foreigner, who came with an army out of the land above
15476:
15415:
15344:
14993:
14963:
14937:
14767:
14545:
14508:
14073:
12630:
12624:
12086:
11786:
11616:
11272:
11207:
11202:
10602:
10597:
10477:
10233:
9849:
9570:
9249:
9083:
9067:
6661:
6300:
6228:
Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6
6115:
6088:
5218:
station in the south of the city, which now functions as the main railway station.
5168:
5143:
4235:
4165:
4039:
In 2009 new office space was built and became available on the real estate market.
4020:
3936:
3813:
3775:
3620:
was more populous and commercially more important. In 1559 the western building of
3332:
3315:. When Shirkuh died in 1169, he was succeeded by his nephew Yusuf, better known as3290:
3022:
2979:
2893:
2804:
2683:
2520:
2497:
2469:
2396:
2382:
1192:
1129:
1015:
897:
734:
681:
9518:
8291:"Marota and Basilia Cities… Smart Cities and Investment Opportunities in Damascus"7508:
4589:
is also within walking distance from these sites. Another heavily visited site is
3366:
which lasted until 1191. After re-capturing Acre, Richard defeated Saladin at the
2650:
1430:
and about 80km (50mi) inland from the Mediterranean, sheltered by the
15752:
15430:
15375:
15233:
15076:
15008:
15003:
14998:
14948:
14308:
14199:
13410:
13356:
12926:
12091:
12081:
11931:
11776:
11621:
11571:
11337:
11327:
11322:
10860:
10805:
10800:
10462:
10200:
10183:
10143:
10029:
9971:
9778:
9731:
First to Damascus: The story of the Australian Light Horse and Lawrence of Arabia
9662:
8718:
8567:
The Great Mosque of Damascus: studies on the makings of an Umayyad visual culture
8565:
8449:
8370:
7998:"The Emperor's visit to the East: As reflected in contemporary Arabic journalism"7842:
7699:
7319:
7312:
7299:
7199:
6595:
6250:
5943:
4764:
4751:
4594:
4209:
4149:
4125:
4058:
3912:, thus leading to the full independence of Syria. Damascus remained the capital.3669:
3530:
3383:
3367:
3261:
3252:
3169:
3051:
2965:
2956:
tribes of the region, Mu'awiya established Damascus as the capital of the entire
2659:
2609:
2581:
empires. The control of the city passed frequently from one empire to the other.
2574:
2374:
1585:
1427:
1267:
1260:
885:
877:
854:
779:
728:
13650:
6692:
4329:, dating back at least to Roman times, if not before to the time of King David.3521:
Rebuilt, Damascus continued to serve as a Mamluk provincial capital until 1516.
3058:
rule of Damascus was brief, lasting only until 906 before being replaced by the
1543:
15603:
15115:
15029:
14929:
14762:
14519:
14429:
14389:
14221:
14161:
13983:
13443:
13257:
13249:
13233:
13218:
13058:
12849:
12487:
11856:
11716:
11711:
11696:
11566:
11511:
10636:
10518:
10441:
10284:
10279:
10178:
9981:
9961:
9823:
A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades
9140:"China grants 100 buses to Syria in contribution to enhancing transport sector"9071:
8111:
6588:
6470:
The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria
6334:
Miller, Catherine; Al-Wer, Enam; Caubet, Dominique; Watson, Janet C.E. (2007).
6244:
Handbook for the Study of Egyptian Topographical Lists relating to Western Asia
5401:
5336:
5322:
4896:
4866:
4776:
4646:
4616:
4604:
4586:
4582:
4562:
4512:
4490:
4449:
4405:
4301:
4251:
4197:
4181:
4105:
4066:
3846:
3810:
3600:
The Ottomans remained for the next 400 years, except for a brief occupation by
3570:
3499:
3328:
3286:
2953:
2842:
2811:
who converted to Christianity with the advent of Saint Paul's proselytization.
2696:
2554:
2450:
2330:
1558:
1511:
1426:
Damascus was built in a strategic site on a plateau 680m (2,230ft)
1354:), correspondingly meaning "the right-hand side" or "the south". The variation1304:
1222:
1149:
905:
60:
8887:
7636:
The Leper King and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
3101:
from attempting to annex the city. However, by 977, the Fatimids under Caliph
2767:
872:. First settled in the 3rd millennium BC, it was chosen as the capital of the15731:
15609:
15410:
15192:
14834:
14678:
14444:
14303:
13276:
13158:
13111:
Decapolis cities (in bold), with surrounding regions mentioned by Pliny t. E.
13019:
12920:
12221:
12211:
12171:
12101:
12046:
11971:
11901:
11886:
11821:
11761:
11731:
11526:
11496:
11431:
11381:
10790:
10775:
10726:
10549:
10503:
10289:
9994:
9800:
9647:
9079:
6359:
5618:
5447:
5407:
5361:
5286:
5201:
4889:
in 1976 to serve as a library, exhibition center, museum and craft workshops.
4768:
4686:
4680:
4612:
4062:
3909:
3883:
was burned to the ground, with many deaths, and has since then been known as
3795:
3779:
3753:
3689:
3673:
3613:
3534:
3344:
3248:
3231:, became the nominal ruler of Damascus. Coincidentally, the Seljuq prince of3188:
3164:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2885:
2876:
2507:
which was attempting to expand into the Mediterranean coast. In 853 BC, King
2454:
2432:
2350:
2326:
1976:
1574:
1532:
1495:
1459:
1419:
810:, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth263:
250:
65:
14434:
8415:
4533:
street is filled with small shops and leads to the old Christian quarter of
4474:
4300:
minority inhabits the city, notably in the mixed Christian-Druze suburbs of
4159:
The city's growth rate is higher than in Syria as a whole, primarily due to
4057:
Damascus is home to a wide range of industrial activities, such as textile,
3215:
2916:. The governor assigned to the city which had been chosen as the capital of2445:
Damascus is first documented as an important city during the arrival of the
1206:
1114:
900:, Damascus was named the least livable city out of 140 global cities in the15639:
15519:
15440:
15080:
15045:
14933:
14925:
14646:
14640:
14514:
14497:
14473:
14404:
14340:
14151:
14119:
13832:
13609:
13194:
12958:
12664:
12327:
12273:
12216:
12116:
12056:
12051:
12011:
11941:
11936:
11891:
11826:
11691:
11671:
11651:
11596:
11486:
11471:
11466:
11441:
11401:
11237:
11212:
11182:
11162:
11117:
10785:
10751:
10676:
10508:
10294:
10133:
10004:
9774:
9097:
7916:"Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century"7606:(Oxford University Press, 1965, trans. John Gillingham, 1972), pp. 118–120.5553:
5457:
5075:
4882:
4652:
4600:
4550:
4189:
4160:
4137:
3989:
3905:
3657:
3625:
3487:
3362:
The surviving crusaders, joined by new arrivals from Europe, put Acre to a
3336:
3131:
3106:
2932:
2868:
2733:
2625:
2493:
2462:
2378:
1607:
1287:
by the citizens of Damascus, of Syria and other Arab neighbors and Turkey (
1040:
850:
799:
401:
369:
69:
45:
13746:
8990:
8968:
8491:
7059:
of the renaming rests on a few writers following Mionnets writings in 1811
6886:"The Antiquities of the Jews, by Flavius Josephus, Book 1, Ch. 7, Sect. 2"6860:"The Antiquities of the Jews, by Flavius Josephus, Book 1, Ch. 6, Sect. 4"4630:
3382:
Saladin died in 1193, and there were frequent conflicts between different
15243:
15148:
15110:
14797:
14708:
14698:
14554:
14483:
14414:
14409:
14241:
14063:
13838:
13716:
13571:
12870:
12680:
12524:
12441:
12411:
12400:
12186:
12181:
12096:
11981:
11956:
11911:
11866:
11701:
11681:
11626:
11561:
11531:
11456:
11446:
11312:
11277:
11132:
11074:
11034:
10701:
10554:
10467:
9762:
8445:
7971:
7039:
The Hellenistic settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa
5357:
5249:
5186:
4832:
4326:
4316:
4040:
3787:
3765:
3761:
3629:
3495:
3476:
3419:
3240:
2897:
2800:
2753:
2598:
2477:
2392:
2358:
2354:
320:
15687:
7941:
7931:
7037:
5313:. Many Other sports clubs are located in several districts of the city:4933:, a protected buffer zone, was destroyed in three days in November 2006;4667:("eastern gate") in the east wall, the only one to retain its Roman plan4325:
the Jewish quarter. They are the remnants of an ancient and much larger
4015:
3573:, wary of the danger of an alliance between the Mamluks and the Persian3406:
15289:
15266:
14953:
14885:
14866:
14683:
14451:
14359:
14281:
14191:
14146:
14033:
13426:
13421:
13378:
13308:
13148:
13013:
12799:
12697:
12618:
12502:
12371:
12360:
12349:
12338:
12231:
12191:
12176:
12161:
12006:
11946:
11836:
11831:
11756:
11721:
11611:
11516:
11426:
11411:
11376:
11347:
11342:
11172:
11157:
11079:
11044:
10736:
10711:
10631:
10304:
7925:
7702:, University of Wisconsin Press, series "History of the Crusades", 20066312:
6281:
5701:
5522:
5381:
5365:
5310:
5282:
5124:
4862:
4787:
4664:
4530:
4482:
4185:
3941:
3709:
3555:
3176:
3063:
3059:
2837:
2819:
2761:
2728:
2715:
in 91 AD, and later built several monuments during the 2nd century AD.
2362:
2314:
1439:
846:
73:
9861:
9769:. Translated by Walter Joseph Fischel. University of California Press.7936:. Vol.28. Institut Francais du Proche-Orient. pp.217–225.3247:, to aid the Crusaders in capturing Damascus in return for control of15513:
15456:
15120:
15013:
14943:
14871:
14809:
14802:
14777:
14713:
14693:
14688:
14559:
14530:
14424:
14384:
14246:
14043:
13927:
13542:
13473:
13399:
13265:
13234:
region Gabe/Tel Jabiah/Lake of Gabe(el Bajje) (Muzeirib/ Tell Jabiah)
13110:
12856:
12750:
12737:
12715:
12708:
12686:
12658:
12635:
12568:
12552:
12530:
12508:
12395:
12226:
12206:
11976:
11921:
11871:
11796:
11746:
11736:
11726:
11646:
11601:
11556:
11551:
11541:
11476:
11406:
11332:
11302:
11292:
11287:
11197:
11177:
11167:
11112:
10746:
10654:
10299:
9907:, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel,8540:"'Urgent' action required to preserve Jewish sites in Syria and Iraq"8290:
8107:"Syrian military in full control of Damascus for first time in years"7648:"The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus", in6006:
Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia
5738:
5548:
5540:
5373:
5314:
5176:
5161:
5151:
4670:
4585:, can also be found near the Umayyad Mosque. The ancient district of4521:
4193:
3885:
3825:
3783:
3685:
3676:
was brought against members of the Jewish community of Damascus. The
3590:
3511:
3503:
3464:
3460:
3395:
3184:
3160:
3067:
3003:
2957:
2881:
2633:
2516:
2508:
2446:
2338:
2310:
1503:
1499:
1447:
1404:
1064:
479:
15310:
14602:
14578:
13171:
9113:"Syria receives one hundred domestic traffic-buses offered by China"8756:
6336:
Arabic in the City: Issues in Dialect Contact and Language Variation
6304:
1120:
649:
15560:
15271:
15261:
15251:
15225:
15174:
15138:
14900:
14860:
14672:
14658:
14502:
14462:
14456:
14210:
14204:
14156:
13878:
13558:
13388:
13372:
13361:
13140:
12981:
12936:
12702:
12669:
12607:
12546:
12513:
12446:
12366:
12355:
12322:
12242:
12151:
12146:
12136:
12126:
12106:
12021:
11996:
11951:
11896:
11876:
11861:
11846:
11816:
11806:
11781:
11706:
11676:
11666:
11641:
11586:
11536:
11506:
11501:
11451:
11386:
11357:
11252:
11064:
10696:
10309:
7689:
A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311
6639:
6009:
5592:
5479:
5469:
5463:
5369:
5036:
The institutes play an important rule in the education, including:
4951:
4759:
4658:
4634:
4534:
4305:
4270:
4231:
4153:
3574:
3515:
3320:
3135:
3094:
3071:
2780:
2687:
2667:
2546:
2367:
2342:
526:
13229:
Region Trachonitis (El-Musmije, Ezra,Ez Szanamain, Ard el Batanea)
5293:. Damascus is home to many football clubs that participate in the4082:
3668:
and were allowed to practice their religious precepts. During the
3649:
3494:. The Mamluk sultan dispatched a deputation from Cairo, including3430:
entered the city on 1 March 1260, along with the King of Armenia,
3307:, requested help from Nur ad-Din. The Nur ad-Din sent his general2437:
15681:
15650:
15597:
15577:
15461:
15390:
15370:
15334:
14988:
14787:
14619:
14588:
14526:
14478:
14399:
14335:
14271:
14266:
14226:
14216:
14077:
14027:
14007:
13997:
13973:
13967:
13908:
13901:
13862:
13822:
13808:
13802:
13735:
13587:
13511:
13495:
13459:
13437:
13415:
13404:
13339:
13334:
13210:
13202:
13034:
13029:
12991:
12975:
12909:
12886:
12810:
12783:
12691:
12653:
12647:
12602:
12574:
12384:
12344:
12111:
12076:
12071:
12031:
12016:
11986:
11881:
11851:
11766:
11636:
11606:
11576:
11546:
11521:
11481:
11461:
11416:
11367:
11352:
11307:
11267:
11257:
11247:
11242:
11232:
11227:
11152:
11147:
11059:
10681:
10544:
9693:
The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam
8942:
8078:
7530:
5742:
5631:
5626:
5600:
5535:
5453:
5112:
4984:
Damascus is the main center of education in Syria. It is home to
4574:
4309:
4145:
4141:
4096:
4087:
4049:
3953:
3741:
3586:
3582:
3427:
3316:
3308:
3145:
3102:
3079:
3055:
3038:
3030:
2987:
2945:
2901:
2783:
was developed at the end of the Roman/Byzantine era by the local
2749:
2741:
2639:
The city of Damascus was entirely redesigned by the Romans after
2590:
2586:
2558:
2415:
2411:
1490:
1443:
881:
827:
516:
452:
117:
15303:
12541:
9221:
9169:
8056:"Public transportation in Damascus is having an uphill go of it"7687:
Kenneth M. Setton, Robert Lee Wolff, Harry W. Hazard (editors),
7672:
From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260
5482:: a city located in the mountains, 1,500 metres (4,921ft)5222:
four-line metro network is expected to be in operation by 2050.
4853:
4655:("the gate of peace"), all on the north boundary of the Old City4346:
Greek-Melkite Patriarchal Cathedral of the Dormition of Our Lady
4277:
and Ghassani. Each have many churches, most notably the ancient
2691:
over Damascus in the first century AD be proven." Roman emperor
1039:
The name of Damascus first appeared in the geographical list of
15673:
15662:
15656:
15591:
15566:
15547:
15536:
15500:
15471:
15466:
15435:
15420:
15319:
15281:
14973:
14905:
14895:
14890:
14829:
14824:
14736:
14703:
14629:
14583:
14564:
14492:
14419:
14364:
14354:
14350:
14320:
14314:
14291:
14181:
14176:
14166:
14125:
14067:
14057:
13963:
13888:
13852:
13842:
13828:
13818:
13696:
13604:
13593:
13582:
13576:
13506:
13489:
13223:
13132:
13002:
12953:
12914:
12898:
12881:
12875:
12861:
12805:
12777:
12772:
12766:
12675:
12596:
12579:
12464:
12459:
12423:
12417:
12333:
12201:
12156:
12066:
12041:
12036:
12026:
11991:
11961:
11811:
11771:
11751:
11661:
11631:
11396:
11317:
11297:
11262:
11222:
11217:
11192:
11142:
11127:
11122:
11084:
11019:
10731:
10721:
10716:
10559:
10539:
9889:
9139:
9112:
8760:
8514:"As Fighting Rages in Damascus, Kurds Flee Their Neighborhoods"7967:
6642:"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated"5910:
5734:
5587:
5527:
5514:
5509:
5411:
5132:
5116:
5108:
5104:
5100:
4923:
4693:
Other areas outside the walled city also bear the name "gate":
4441:
4432:
4274:
4239:
4117:
3974:
3924:
3890:
3872:
3845:
over Syria, and in 1920 a French army commanded by the General
3801:, the third arrival of the day, the first being the Australian3665:
3617:
3578:
3451:
3270:
3244:
3197:
3180:
3155:
3118:
3085:
3075:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2909:
2712:
2692:
2640:
2629:
2534:
2512:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2419:
1570:
1566:
1554:
1514:
which had fallen under Christian rule. Thus they were known as
1507:
1482:
1470:
1452:
1435:
1303:" and for "Syria"; the latter, and particularly the historical1300:
1231:
889:
862:
842:
484:
8845:"2008 World Monuments Watch List Of 100 Most Endangered Sites"8488:"Kurds of Damascus: Trapped between Secession and Integration"6427:
5717:
4577:
was buried is located in the gardens just outside the mosque.
3479:
of 1348–1349 killed as much as half of the city's population.
1090:
1068:
1044:
578:
15628:
15620:
15555:
15530:
15425:
15405:
15380:
15256:
15215:
14839:
14819:
14814:
14792:
14742:
14718:
14624:
14612:
14607:
14572:
14549:
14468:
14439:
14374:
14330:
14276:
14256:
14053:
14037:
14023:
14017:
14013:
13987:
13957:
13953:
13947:
13921:
13882:
13872:
13868:
13858:
13848:
13798:
13792:
13788:
13702:
13620:
13615:
13533:
13522:
13484:
13454:
13448:
13432:
13393:
13350:
13345:
13228:
13124:
12969:
12964:
12832:
12821:
12761:
12642:
12557:
12535:
12519:
12497:
12435:
12430:
12406:
12389:
12196:
12166:
11686:
11656:
11591:
11491:
11421:
11391:
11069:
11054:
11029:
10997:
10706:
10691:
9245:"Syria hosts first international basketball tourney in years"5613:
5605:
5579:
5561:
5435:
5423:
5385:
5290:
5215:
5180:
5172:
4885:, a mid-19th-century Jewish private mansion, restored by the4297:
4238:
comprise sizeable minorities. Alawites live primarily in the
4227:
4223:
4177:
4091:
3701:
3681:
3643:
was published in 1836, along with a poetical illustration by
3609:
3483:
3456:
3232:
3201:
2995:
2949:
2905:
2796:
2745:
2500:. As a result, he granted Israel trading rights in Damascus.2458:
1581:
1486:
1340:
1336:
1225:
1212:
807:
749:
291:
8617:
Al-Monitor: Independent, Trusted Coverage of the Middle East
7926:
Abd al-Qadir al-Rihawi; Émilie E. Ouéchek (1975). "Les deux
6640:
M. Kottek; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006).
6392:
The Pagan God: Popular Religion in the Greco-Roman Near East
6200:"A luxury city shows blueprint for Syria's rebuilding plans"3957:
Damascus in 2006, taken from the International Space Station
3616:
than its size might have warranted—for most of this period,
2695:
who annexed the Nabataean Kingdom, creating the province of
1528:. They lay 2–3km (1–2mi) north of the old city.15644:
15585:
15400:
14772:
14747:
14596:
14540:
14535:
14325:
14298:
14251:
14231:
14171:
14003:
13977:
13940:
13895:
13598:
13528:
13500:
13007:
12903:
12827:
12794:
12788:
12720:
12613:
11916:
11187:
11137:
11049:
11039:
9914:
9306:
Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1836). "poetical illustration".
8193:"The world's least liveable cities are starting to improve"7179:
7174:
Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology
7148:
Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology
5128:
5096:
5092:
3661:
3605:
3193:
2853:
2708:
2283:
1197:
758:
740:
705:
687:
9650:(1987). "Mongol Raids into Palestine (AD 1260 and 1300)".9335:
9195:
8602:
Sbalchiero in: Laurentin/ Sbalchiero (2007), p. 1093–1097.
8206:
8170:"Revealed: The world's best (and worst) cities to live in"7852:
7715:
All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World
7586:
The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom
5993:
5083:
Damascus is linked with other major cities in Syria via a
3343:
in October. These events shocked Europe, resulting in the
3048:, causing the lives of 70,000 people in estimated deaths.2848:
After most of the Syrian countryside was conquered by the
1569:
neighborhood and most recently along the Barada valley in
14634:
11436:
7273:
5501:
List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia §Syria
5450:: a small mountainous town and well-known holiday resort.5064:
Syrian International Academy for Training and Development
4966:
most "on the verge" of irreparable loss and destruction.
3837:
in March adopted a democratic constitution. However, the
3824:. Political tension arose in November 1917, when the new3565:
Damascus, view taken from the Christian quarter, in 1876.
2974:'s successor, al-Walid initiated the construction of the2941:
696:
8451:
Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East
8225:
7035:
6333:
5131:. The M1 highway connects the city to western Syria and4903:
3722:
toured Damascus, during his trip to the Ottoman Empire.
2674:
It is speculated that control of Damascus was gained by
2549:'s Egypt. In 572 BC, all of Syria had been conquered by2468:
The city would gain pre-eminence in southern Syria when
9016:
7768:
7756:
7744:
4689:
at the entrance to Souk Midhat Pasha, in the southwest.
3998:
as the least liveable city, scoring 30.7 points on the
2990:, who each ruled for brief periods before the reign of2441:
Annotated view of Damascus and surroundings from space.
1573:
in the northwest and on the slopes of the mountains at
7885:
The universal geography: the earth and its inhabitants
7261:
6779:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University, 1978. 192–198. Print.6533:
4895:, a 17th-century Damascene house, serving as a luxury4549:
is also a main market in Damascus and was named after
2496:
was captured by Israel after unsuccessfully besieging
1177:
1165:
1153:
1096:
1074:
1050:
857:, Damascus experiences an arid climate because of the15788:
Populated places established in the 7th millennium BC
8074:"Heavy gunfire in Syria's capital during the weekend"7816:
7804:
7792:
7780:
6297:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
6274:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
5339:
were held in Damascus in 1976 and 1992 respectively.
4226:
is the largest religion. The majority of Muslims are
1391:
1288:
770:
761:
755:
752:
717:
708:
702:
699:
13266:
Region Arca/Tarichaea-Philoteria (Tiberias/Yardenit)
7236:
7201:
Coinage in Roman Syria: Northern Syria, 64 BC-AD 253
7161:
Paul Between Damascus and Antioch: The Unknown Years
5679:
5486:, it was one of the episcopal cities of the ancient5164:
KLQ 6118GQ bus used for public transport in Damascus
4873:, housing the Museum of Arts and Popular Traditions.4865:, originally built in 1750 as the residence for the3581:
in the Umayyad mosque was pronounced in the name of
2541:(Akkadian: 𒐼𒄿𒈨𒊑𒋙𒌋) and its governor was named2349:
from the south, ending with a signed treaty between
1599:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1308:
1294:
1282:
1276:
1246:
1234:
1133:
793:
737:
684:
470:
10414:
Higher Institute for Applied Science and Technology
10399:
International University for Science and Technology
8712:
https://www.al-islam.org/ziyarat/syria.htm#Damascus
5044:
Higher Institute for Applied Science and Technology
4998:
International University for Science and Technology
3816:also entered Damascus. A military government under3418:Venetian delegation in Damascus, painting of 1511.3319:, who defeated a joint crusader-Byzantine siege of3006:in 744, the capital of the empire was relocated to2597:Philopator rebuilt the city according to the Greek1216:
746:
743:
693:
690:
9799:
9220:. Damascus.org.sy. 22 October 2007. Archived from8678:"Syrian Sufis Divided As Salafist Influence Grows"8168:
5200:, the former main railway station of Damascus was4649:("the gate of the orchards", or "of the paradise")3612:, Damascus was treated with more attention by the3467:and Mulay along with their Armenian allies at the3327:, despite his numerical superiority. Saladin also2936:View of Damascus with the Umayyad Mosque in center1442:, and the east-west cross-desert route connecting1148:. A number of Akkadian spellings are found in the13680:
8814:"Old Damascus struggles to cope in the new Syria"7995:
7072:Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire6757:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration6294:
6000:Dumper, Michael R. T.; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007).3712:visited Damascus, then wrote about his travel in3339:fell to Saladin soon after, and Jerusalem itself3138:starting in 1079 and he was succeeded by his son3046:multiple earthquake struck and destroyed Damascus2699:, had previously been in Damascus, as his father2410:, in the fourth book of his History, says thus: "1195:spellings of the name often include an intrusive870:oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world15729:
10866:2002 West Asian Football Federation Championship9627:
9457:(in Spanish). Diario Córdoba. 10 February 2020.8842:
8234:"Damascus Revels in Its New Allure to Investors"6388:
6112:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions4746:
4501:is in the northwest corner of the Old City. The3857:. The French made Damascus the capital of their3820:was named and Faisal ibn Hussein was proclaimed2752:promoted the city of Damascus to "Metropolis of2736:was evident with the trade routes from southern2381:. According to the 1st-century Jewish historian896:As of September2019, eight years into the15773:Archaeological sites in Rif Dimashq Governorate13219:Region Abilene/Abila-Lysanea (Souq Wadi Barada)9137:
8028:Barker, A. (1998) "The Allies Enter Damascus",7638:. Cambridge University Press. pp.132–136.7243:Historia Numorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics6755:"Damascus INTL Climate Normals 1961–1990"6729:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration6583:
6581:
6466:
6360:"Kalmasoft - Phonetic Database of Syriac Words"6153:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (4557:, an underground chapel that was the cellar of13640:An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation13306:
8836:
8643:"Despite pressure Druze remain in regime camp"8410:
8408:
7523:
4625:
4065:in addition to economic activities led by the3227:Following Toghtekin's death in 1128, his son,2927:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1080:
841:), Damascus is a major cultural center of the15061:
14105:
13762:
13666:
13292:
13095:
12258:
10980:
9930:
9628:Aharoni, Yohanan; Avi-Yonah, Michael (1977).9285:Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1836). "picture".9166:"الخط الأخضر " أهلاً بكم في موقع الخط الأخضر"6256:The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography5999:
5690:) literally translates as "the Spacious One".5494:
5111:in the south. The M1 is going from Homs onto4705:, both to the south-west of the walled city.3125:
3082:in the south and the Hamdanids in the north.1557:oasis. In 1956–1957, the new neighborhood of1383:
15075:
9753:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (8915:. The British Syrian Society. Archived from8264:"Report: Office Space Across the World 2009"7902:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (7674:(State University of New York Press, 1977),7068:
6693:"SUNSHINE GUIDE TO THE DAMASCUS AREA, SYRIA"6578:
6509:The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus6267:
5980:
5937:statement by the governor of Damascus, Syria5770:
5768:
5685:
4779:, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus3033:, having already beaten the Umayyads in the1367:
1355:
1344:
1314:
1271:
1252:
1240:
1211:, meaning "dwelling". Thus, the English and1139:
831:
821:
129:
121:
13776:
13154:Region Ampeloessa /Abila (in Wadi Queilbeh)9761:
9611:Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan's Column9487:(in Arabic). Ajman News. 16 December 2019.9397:(in Romanian). Banatul Azi. 6 August 2016.8454:. Cambridge University Press. p.267.8405:
7858:
7493:
6505:
6044:
5040:Higher Institute of Business Administration4708:
4176:The vast majority of Damascenes are Syrian3223:also Known as the Madrasah Nuriyya al-Kubra1320:
15068:
15054:
14112:
14098:
13769:
13755:
13673:
13659:
13299:
13285:
13102:
13088:
12265:
12251:
10987:
10973:
9937:
9923:
9884:
9806:. Essential Histories. Osprey Publishing.9608:
9242:
9110:
8338:"AFP: Syria launches first stock exchange"7553:
7185:
6980:
6978:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6460:
6395:. Princeton University Press. p.27.5809:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
4269:. The Christian districts in the city are3992:. In September 2019, Damascus entered the3311:, and in 1166 Amalric was defeated at the3219:The twin domes of the funerary-Medresa of876:from 661 to 750. After the victory of the9714:(in French). Editions Payot&Rivages.9087:
8731:"Jewish Quarter of Damascus blooms again"8314:. Syrian Enterprise and Business Center.8312:"Inauguration of Damascus Stock Exchange"8266:. Cushman & Wakefield. Archived from8104:
7204:. Royal Numismatic Society. p.220.7107:Skolnik, Fred; Michael Berenbaum ( 2007)7016:
6912:"Damascus, Syria: Image of the Day"6833:Genesis 14:15 (New International Version)6814:
6812:
6799:
6797:
6725:"Damascus INTL Climate Normals 1991–2020"6560:Younger, K. Lawson Jr. (7 October 2016).6428:Beattie, Andrew; Pepper, Timothy (2001).6070:
6038:
5765:
5256:Museum, Museum of Arabic Calligraphy and4581:, the shrine of the youngest daughter of3896:On 21 June 1941, 3 weeks into the Allied3554:A Turkish Divan in Damascus, in 1836, by2403:. In Antiquities i. 7, Josephus reports:880:, the seat of Islamic power was moved to13224:Region Paneas/Caesarea-Phillipi (Banias)9820:
9728:
9709:
9690:
9681:
9045:
8805:
7774:
7762:
7750:
7711:
7633:
7621:God's War: A New History of the Crusades7583:
7565:
7531:"Madrasa al-Nuriyya al-Kubra (Damascus)"7481:
7469:
7457:
7445:
7433:
7421:
7409:
7397:
7385:
7373:
7361:
7349:
7337:
7279:
7034:Cohen raises doubts about this claim in6539:
6224:
5843:
5430:
5422:
5266:
5229:
5185:
5156:
5074:
4973:
4917:
4852:
4758:
4750:
4741:Saint George's Syriac Orthodox Cathedral4629:
4599:
4481:
4473:
4111:
4081:
4014:
3952:
3940:
3770:
3740:
3560:
3549:
3538:
3413:
3405:
3214:
3208:fought Burid forces led by Toghtekin at3084:
3016:
2998:as his residence and later Hisham chose2931:
2836:
2818:, the city was besieged and captured by2807:. Accordingly, there was a community of2766:
2649:
2608:
2436:
2361:, around 1200 BC, marked the end of the1542:
1464:
1414:
1403:
934:Names of Damascus in different languages15089:With correspondence to modern geography13149:Region Ampeloessa/Capitolias (Beit Ras)10224:Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul9797:
9603:Bibliography of the history of Damascus8811:
7822:
7615:
7325:
7305:
7197:
7176:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing pg 83–84, 897111:Volume 5 Granite Hill Publishers pg 5276975:
6963:
6946:
6564:. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. p.551.6559:
6167:
5794:
4943:, is threatened by a proposed motorway.4922:In spite of the recommendations of the4848:
4361:Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul1396:), with the same semantic development.826:) and dubbed, poetically, the "City of15730:
13055:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute10219:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition9839:
9646:
9309:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 18379305:
9288:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 18379284:
8967:. Global Heritage Fund. Archived from8886:. World Monuments Fund. Archived from8444:
8288:
8244:from the original on 30 September 20157810:
7798:
7786:
6934:
6809:
6794:
6782:
6608:"DMA-UPD Discussion Paper Series No.2"6180:from the original on 15 September 20196105:
4730:Cathedral of the Dormition of Our Lady3589:and mausoleum at the shrine of Shaikh3398:, gave the English language "damask".3285:, a crusader stronghold, which led to2366:transition from the Bronze Age to the927:
15049:
14093:
13750:
13654:
13280:
13083:
12246:
10968:
10419:Higher Institute of Music in Damascus9918:
9868:
9773:
9660:
9401:from the original on 21 December 20209257:from the original on 14 December 20218793:from the original on 27 December 20158563:
8213:from the original on 12 November 20098181:from the original on 11 January 2022.8149:from the original on 25 November 20207983:
7571:
7559:
7487:
7475:
7463:
7451:
7439:
7427:
7415:
7403:
7391:
7379:
7367:
7355:
7343:
7331:
7267:
7249:from the original on 24 November 20167218:from the original on 24 November 20167089:from the original on 24 November 20167022:
6984:
6969:
6957:
6940:
6818:
6803:
6788:
6690:
6487:from the original on 16 December 20196076:
5897:"Damascus Administration and society"5442:ice cream shop in the Damascus market5418:
5262:
4904:Threats to the future of the old City2940:Following the fourth Rashidun caliph2564:
2377:14:15 as existing at the time of the1580:Damascus used to be surrounded by an1473:river is high, seen here next to the15783:Populated places along the Silk Road12272:
10429:National Institute of Administration10149:Ibn 'Arabi Mosque (Salimiyya Mosque)9653:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society9491:from the original on 5 December 20209461:from the original on 21 October 20209368:(in Turkish). Ankara. Archived from9316:from the original on 6 December 20229295:from the original on 6 December 20229168:. Damascus-metro.com. Archived from8997:from the original on 2 December 20188941:. Worldmonuments.org. Archived from8767:from the original on 27 October 20178426:from the original on 1 February 20188416:"Damascus | National Capital, Syria"7712:Johnston, Ruth A. (31 August 2011).7004:from the original on 2 December 20206735:from the original on 19 October 20176717:
6672:from the original on 17 October 20116254:, Leiden 1937. See also Y. AHARONI,6170:"World's most livable city revealed"6120:10.1093/acref/9780192800947.013.17936059:from the original on 4 December 20185825:from the original on 7 November 20095782:from the original on 25 October 20195729:'Lord of Heaven(s)'), was a5710:
5053:National Institute of Administration3811:the forces of the Arab revolt led by3518:), originally "the tower of heads".3359:, though the last drowned en route.3179:, the Crusaders, who arrived in the2585:, one of Alexander's generals, made1606:), watered by the Barada river. The9729:Hamilton, Jill, duch*ess of (2002).8824:from the original on 13 August 20178787:"Archnet, Maktab Anbar Restoration"8684:from the original on 6 October 20158570:. Vol.33. BRILL. p.12.8520:from the original on 13 August 20168393:from the original on 2 October 20228362:Central Bureau of Statistics Syria8330:
8231:
8043:World War I, a Student Encyclopedia7150:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing pg 73–897036:Cohen, Getzel M; EBSCOhost (2006),6168:Buckley, Julia (4 September 2019).5877:from the original on 2 October 20225686:
5171:in Damascus depends extensively on4507:(referred to in the account of the4463:
3163:, took control of Damascus and the2601:system and renamed it "Demetrias".2557:, but the status of Damascus under2305:
1589:
1536:road leading between al-Marjeh and1368:
1356:
1345:
1315:
1272:
1241:
1140:
832:
822:
783:
463:
130:
122:
13:
15211:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium15035:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions14120:Ancient states and regions in the13717:Ancient Villages of Northern Syria10424:Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts9581:from the original on 29 March 20179551:from the original on 14 April 20219431:from the original on 3 August 20209275:Beatties and Pepper, 2001, p. 102.8812:Hendawi, Hamza (1 February 2009).8737:from the original on 16 March 20177163:Westminster John Knox Press pg 1307042:, University of California Press,6840:from the original on 7 August 20105903:
5472:: a town dominated by speakers of5285:, swimming, tennis, table tennis,5049:Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts4100:headdress, and urban lady wearing3828:government in Russia revealed the3809:. Two days later, 3 October 1918,3099:Syrian campaigns of John Tzimiskes2825:
1205:), perhaps influenced by the root814:. Known colloquially in Syria as382:77km (29.73sqmi)14:
15809:
9878:
9342:from the original on 12 July 20109218:"مجلس الإدارة و المجلس الاستشاري"9194:. Damascus.org.sy. Archived from9192:"دمشق عاصمة الثقافة العربية 2008"9146:from the original on 10 July 20229027:from the original on 28 July 20228649:from the original on 24 June 20168623:from the original on 24 June 20168584:from the original on 2 April 20238086:from the original on 2 April 20237948:from the original on 17 June 20227732:from the original on 2 April 20237541:from the original on 29 July 20207055:page 137 note 4 – suggesting the6892:from the original on 13 June 20156866:from the original on 13 June 20156448:from the original on 2 April 20236409:from the original on 2 April 20236370:from the original on 16 June 20216136:from the original on 7 April 20226026:from the original on 2 April 20235983:"Area Database – Global Data Lab"5917:from the original on 20 July 20225639:
5070:
4619:used to pray while in captivity.4478:Typical historic Damascene street4028:Damascus has also held an annual4023:, a 4-star hotel in Hamra Street.3737:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon3524:
2816:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–6282537:. In 694 BC, the town was called1263:, meaning "a well-watered land".202:Show map of Eastern Mediterranean166:Location of Damascus within Syria16:Capital and largest city of Syria15758:Sufi Muslim communities in Syria15309:
15302:
14369:
13170:
11093:
10996:
10949:
10948:
10260:Syriac Cathedral of Saint George9909:Historic Cities Research Project9563:
9533:
9503:
9473:
9443:
9413:
9384:
9354:
9328:
9278:
9269:
9236:
9210:
9184:
9158:
9138:Ruaa al-Jazaeri (20 June 2019).9131:
9119:from the original on 7 July 20229104:
9046:Al-Raeei, Marwan (22 May 2023).9039:
9009:
8983:
8957:
8931:
8905:
8873:
8779:
8749:
8723:
8696:
8670:
8661:
8635:
8605:
8596:
8557:
8532:
8506:
8480:
8468:from the original on 20 May 20168438:
8375:
8356:
8304:
8282:
8256:
8199:
8185:
8161:
8131:
8119:from the original on 20 May 20188105:Aboufadel, Leith (20 May 2018).8098:
8066:
8048:
8035:
8022:
8003:. pp.14–15. Archived from7989:
7977:
7960:
7919:
7910:
7864:
7828:
7046:from the original on 27 May 20146922:from the original on 11 May 20156705:from the original on 11 May 20116093:10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01015.x6004:. In Janet L. Abu-Lughod (ed.).5960:"Damascus metro population 2022"5662:List of World Heritage in Danger5625:
5612:
5599:
5586:
5573:
5560:
5547:
5534:
5521:
5508:
5344:Syria's national basketball team4412:
4397:
4382:
4367:
4352:
4337:
4267:Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch3725:
3672:of 1840 the false accusation of3648:
3401:
2875:in August–September 634 CE. His2480:(880–841 BC), and his successor2426:
1073:is uncertain. It is attested as733:
680:
511:Country code: 963, City code: 11374:105km (41sqmi)284:
219:
218:
211:
199:Damascus (Eastern Mediterranean)186:
185:
178:
153:
152:
145:
99:
89:
64:General view of Damascus•53:
12288:states with limited recognition9780:Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium9596:
9547:. Destino Toledo. 17 May 2016.9336:"Syrian Arab Horse Association"9243:Albert Aji (29 November 2021).8340:. 10 March 2009. Archived from8318:from the original on 3 May 20117705:
7681:
7664:
7655:
7642:
7627:
7609:
7596:
7577:
7285:
7230:
7191:
7166:
7153:
7140:
7127:
7114:
7101:
7062:
7028:
6990:
6904:
6878:
6852:
6824:
6769:
6747:
6684:
6633:
6624:
6600:
6553:
6499:
6421:
6382:
6352:
6327:
6288:
6261:
6235:
6218:
6192:
6161:
6106:Bowker, John (1 January 2003),6099:
5974:
5693:
5356:Damascus has a busy nightlife.4899:within the old city since 2005.4734:Saint John the Damascene Church4725:Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus4072:
3758:Committee of Union and Progress3730:
3387:besieged repeatedly, as, e.g.,3357:Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor3172:of the Baghdad-based Abbasids.3136:Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I2960:. With the ascension of Caliph2858:
2604:
2298:For a chronological guide, see444:•Metrodensity15793:World Heritage Sites in Danger9873:. American Publishing Company.9854:10.1093/ehr/XCIV.CCCLXXIII.8059825:. Cambridge University Press.9783:. Cambridge University Press.9017:"Aljazeera Private University"8613:"Syria's Alawites Under Siege"8195:. The Economist. 31 July 2023.5952:
5929:
5889:
5863:
5837:
5673:
5140:Damascus International Airport4291:apparitions of the Virgin Mary4285:in Bab Tuma. At the suburb of4030:international trade exposition3678:massacre of Christians in 18603473:Mongol invasions of the Levant2662:was given lands controlled by2320:
1644:Damascus International Airport1270:, the city is called Dimashq (1063:) in the 15th century BC. The568:Damascus International Airport1:
15738:World Heritage Sites in Syria13682:World Heritage Sites in Syria10906:January 2012 al-Midan bombing10409:Arab International University9842:The English Historical Review9481:"Internationale samenwerking"8564:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2001).8207:"Damascus International Fair"7237:Barclay Vincent Head (1887).6434:. Rough Guides. p.290.6045:Sarah Birke (2 August 2013),5759:
5427:Zabadani resort near Damascus5023:Wadi International University5008:Arab International University4747:Islamic sites in the old city4086:Three Damascene women, 1873:4077:
3434:, and the Prince of Antioch,2900:—with a growing community of1561:became a second home to many1434:, supplied with water by the1408:Damascus in spring seen from1281:). The city is also known as893:recaptured the entire city.428:24,000/km (60,000/sqmi)314:
14287:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia10881:2008 Arab Capital of Culture10061:Al-Shamiyah al-Kubra Madrasa9944:
9609:Abdulkarim, Maamoun (2003).9451:"Las 12 hermanas de Córdoba"9427:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires.9362:"Ankaranın Kardeş Şehirleri"8913:"The British Syrian Society"7933:Bulletin d'études orientales7661:Wolff and Hazard, pp. 67–85.7311:Akbar Shāh Ḵẖān Najībābādī,7124:University Press of America.6589:"Damascus: the ancient town"6258:, London 1967, p147, No. 13.6122:(inactive 31 January 2024),5718:
5646:List of people from Damascus5242:2008 Arab Capital of Culture5032:European University Damascus4969:
4950:and notably the district of4857:Narrow alley in old Damascus4171:
3930:
2787:community. According to the2654:Remnants of ancient Damascus1469:One of the rare periods the1399:
1392:
1247:
1207:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1152:, from the 14th century BC:1115:
1091:
1075:
1069:
1045:
447:7,090/km (18,400/sqmi)7:
15710:UNESCO World Heritage Sites15157:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa10841:International Film Festival10483:Four Seasons Hotel Damascus10374:National Museum of Damascus10336:Sulayman Pasha Caravansarai10174:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya Mosque10020:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier9613:. L'Erma di Bretschneider.9511:"Sister Cities of Istanbul"9421:"Convenios Internacionales"9111:Mazen Eyon (29 June 2022).8991:"Syrian Private University"8818:The San Diego Union-Tribune8289:Lilian (26 February 2021).7584:Phillips, Jonathan (2007).7291:Safiur-Rahman Mubarakpuri,6777:The Neolithic of the Levant6666:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/01306549:. Vol.9. p.261.6114:, Oxford University Press,5873:. World Population Review.5680:
5650:
5246:National Museum of Damascus5240:Damascus was chosen as the5235:National Museum of Damascus4804:
4626:Walls and gates of Damascus4537:(St. Thomas's Gate), where4333:Religious sites in Damascus4218:
4188:. Other minorities include4164:as a result of the ongoing3448:Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar2928:Umayyad and Abbasid periods2852:during the reign of Caliph2049:Average precipitation days1835:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)1765:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)1642:Climate data for Damascus (1600:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1309:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1235:
1217:
1134:
837:
816:
794:
471:
10:
15816:
15717:Legacy of the Roman Empire13071:Georgian-Ossetian conflict10458:Bakdash (ice cream parlor)9682:Cammelli, Stefano (2006).9600:
9517:. Istanbul. Archived from9072:10.1007/s43621-023-00140-y8757:"Ancient City of Damascus"8383:"Damascus Population 2023"7996:Abdel-Raouf Sinno (1998).7634:Hamilton, Bernard (2000).7313:History of Islam, Volume 17075:. Routledge. p.181.6691:Tyson, Patrick J. (2010).6541:Bosworth, Clifford Edomond6338:. Routledge. p.189.6268:Paul E. Dion (May 1988). "5871:"Damascus population 2022"5643:
5498:
5495:Twin towns – sister cities5392:'s poetical illustration,5225:
5018:Yarmouk Private University4467:
4454:Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri4010:
3934:
3734:
3624:, comprising a mosque and3528:
3126:Seljuq and Ayyubid periods3023:dome of Damascus' treasury2569:Damascus was conquered by2430:
2297:
2293:
2286:(humidity, sun 1970–1990)2281:
1641:
1613:
1548:Municipalities of Damascus1477:hotel in downtown Damascus1384:
1253:
1226:
1221:, which was imported from1184:
1172:
1160:
1121:
1097:
1081:
1051:
973:
941:
931:
902:Global Liveability Ranking598:UNESCO World Heritage Site390:680m (2,230ft)18:
15705:
15672:
15619:
15576:
15546:
15499:
15490:
15449:
15358:
15327:
15318:
15300:
15280:
15242:
15224:
15201:
15183:
15165:
15147:
15129:
15101:
15094:
15087:
15022:
14916:
14657:
14190:
14132:
13784:
13688:
13635:
13323:
13320:
13315:
13242:
13179:
13168:
13117:
13048:
12564:Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte12312:
12309:
12306:
12303:
12298:
12281:
11366:
11102:
11091:
11009:
11003:Cities and towns of Syria10944:
10760:
10667:
10619:
10575:
10568:
10532:
10491:
10450:
10434:Damascus Community School10404:Syrian Private University10394:Syrian Virtual University10379:Al-Assad National Library10364:
10318:
10272:
10250:
10232:
10199:
10192:
10124:
10048:
9952:
9886:Macalister, R. A. Stewart9821:Runciman, Steven (1987).9630:The MacMillan Bible Atlas8387:worldpopulationreview.com7650:A History of the Crusades7501:"Madrasa Nuriya al-Kubra"6389:Teixidor, Javier (2015).6241:List I, 13 in J. Simons,5776:"Biggest Cities In Syria"5745:. Hence, Sham refers to (5003:Syrian Private University4993:Syrian Virtual University4962:named Damascus one of 124519:9:11), also known as the4427:
4319:namely in what is called4120:in Damascus, in 1838, by3632:, and soon afterward the2984:Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik2385:in his twenty-one volume2373:Damascus is mentioned in2329:records are from 1350 BC2234:
2187:
2139:
2095:
2048:
1974:
1904:
1834:
1764:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1122:
918:Cathedral of Saint George669:
665:
655:
645:
630:
622:
614:
604:
595:
591:
573:
561:
547:
535:
525:
515:
505:
495:
478:
458:
451:
443:
432:
424:
410:
399:
394:
386:
378:
367:
362:
351:
341:
336:
326:
310:
297:
279:
244:
139:
113:
85:
52:
43:
33:
21:Damascus (disambiguation)15768:Amarna letters locations13067:Abkhaz-Georgian conflict10588:Al-Fayhaa Sports Complex10331:As'ad Pasha Caravansarai9991:Grand Serail of Damascus9710:Demurger, Alain (2007).9691:Crawford, Peter (2013).9541:"Toledo's sister cities"9312:. Fisher, Son & Co.9291:. Fisher, Son & Co.8045:, 2006, ABC-CLIO, p. 6577890:J.S. Virtue & Co Ltd7318:5 September 2015 at the6467:Dirven, Lucinda (1999).6431:The Rough Guide to Syria6225:Gauthier, Henri (1929).6053:New York Review of Books5667:
5390:Letitia Elizabeth Landon5272:Al-Fayhaa Sports Complex5202:al-Hejaz railway station4826:
4709:Churches in the old city4504:Damascus Straight Street4327:Jewish presence in Syria4032:every fall, since 1954.4004:Global Liveability Index3835:Syrian National Congress3747:4th Light Horse Regiment3645:Letitia Elizabeth Landon3636:was built adjoining it.3469:Battle of Marj al-Saffar3130:With the arrival of the2976:Grand Mosque of Damascus1366:'), of the more typical1230:and originated from the865:flows through Damascus.833:مَدِيْنَةُ الْيَاسْمِينِ609:Ancient City of Damascus358:Mohammad Tariq Kreishati346:Mayor–council government123:مَدِيْنَةُ الْيَاسْمِينِ15712:; Proposed; in Danger15506:Palestinian territories13778:Arab Capital of Culture12733:Cocos (Keeling) Islands10886:2008 Arab League summit10871:2004 WABA Champions Cup10836:World Military Cup 197710438:Lycée Charles de Gaulle10319:Souqs and caravanserais10209:Chapel of Saint Ananias9897:Encyclopædia Britannica9798:Nicolle, David (2001).9052:Discover Sustainability8717:11 October 2017 at the8238:The Wall Street Journal7847:Encyclopædia Britannica7841:26 October 2008 at the7623:. Penguin. p.350.7198:Butcher, Kevin (2004).7172:Riesner, Rainer (1998)7146:Riesner, Rainer (1998)5819:Encyclopædia Britannica5488:Patriarchate of Antioch5277:Popular sports include5091:connects Damascus with4964:cultural heritage sites4926:World Heritage Center:4783:Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque4617:Imam Ali-Zain-ul-Abedin4579:Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque4446:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi4421:Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque4045:Damascus stock exchange3973:The Damascus suburb of3803:3rd Light Horse Brigade3545:Jacob Balthasar Peeters3262:Safwat al-Mulk Zumurrud2863:), Damascus itself was2705:Apollodorus of Damascus2561:is relatively unknown.2391:, Damascus (along with2388:Antiquities of the Jews2345:from the north and the1502:Sheikh and philosopher1378:), is also attested in1299:is an Arabic term for "922:Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque868:Damascus is one of the15778:Capitals of caliphates15252:Aelia Augusta Aeclanum14880:Luwian-Aramaean states11792:Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud11238:al-Mukharram al-Foqani10846:1981 Azbakiyah bombing10612:Al-Fayhaa Sports Arena10473:Beit al-Mamlouka Hotel10071:Al-Mujahidiyah Madrasa8843:World Monuments Fund.8143:Guinness World Records8139:"Least habitable city"7876:Ernst Georg Ravenstein7698:2 January 2023 at the7670:R. Stephen Humphreys,7159:Hengel, Martin (1997)7120:Knoblet, Jerry (2005)6594:8 October 2015 at the6546:Encyclopaedia of Islam6512:. BRILL. p.126.5913:. SANA. 20 July 2022.5582:, United Arab Emirates5443:
5428:
5398:William Henry Bartlett5274:
5237:
5198:Chemins de Fer Syriens5193:
5165:
5080:
5013:University of Kalamoon4981:
4858:
4772:
4756:
4720:House of Saint Ananias4638:
4607:
4591:Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque4545:, is notably located.4543:Syriac Orthodox Church4493:
4479:
4263:Syriac Catholic Church4259:Syriac Orthodox Church4129:
4109:
4024:
4019:Bank Al-Sharq and the3995:Guinness World Records3958:
3950:
3898:Syria-Lebanon campaign3791:
3749:
3641:William Henry Bartlett3602:Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt3566:
3558:
3547:
3423:
3411:
3224:
3090:
3062:who were adherents of3044:On 24 November 847, a3029:On 25 August 750, the3026:
2937:
2845:
2776:
2773:Street called Straight2701:Marcus Ulpius Traianus2655:
2621:
2442:
2424:
2333:when Damascus (called1550:
1478:
1432:Anti-Lebanon Mountains1423:
1412:
419:15th in the Arab World14731:Neo-Babylonian Empire14315:Canaanite city-states12845:Akrotiri and Dhekelia12284:Dependent territories10826:International Airport10341:Al-Harir Caravansarai10049:Madrasas and takiyyas10000:Nur al-Din Bimaristan9905:Map of Damascus, 19298881:"2008 Panelists Bios"8369:10 March 2013 at the7590:Yale University Press7109:Encyclopaedia Judaica7069:Warwick Ball (2002).6888:. Project Gutenberg.6862:. Project Gutenberg.6473:. BRILL. p.76.6048:Damascus: What's Left5987:hdi.globaldatalab.org5434:
5426:
5346:played there against5295:Syrian Premier League5270:
5258:Nur al-Din Bimaristan5233:
5189:
5160:
5079:A highway in Damascus5078:
5028:Al-Jazeera University4977:
4918:State of old Damascus4869:governor of Damascus4856:
4762:
4754:
4633:
4603:
4539:St George's Cathedral4489:, dating back to the4485:
4477:
4444:, and clergy such as4161:rural-urban migration4115:
4085:
4018:
3979:Rif Dimashq Offensive3956:
3944:
3902:Damascus was captured3841:had granted France a3839:Versailles Conference3830:Sykes-Picot Agreement3774:
3744:
3591:Muhi al-Din ibn Arabi3564:
3553:
3542:
3450:, the Mongols led by3417:
3409:
3305:invaded Fatimid Egypt3258:Shams al-Mulk Isma'il3218:
3115:Anushtakin al-Duzbari3088:
3025:in the Umayyad Mosque3020:
2935:
2840:
2832:Harith ibn Abi Shamir2770:
2682:between the death of2676:Aretas IV Philopatris2653:
2612:
2593:in the north. Later,2440:
2405:
2325:Some of the earliest1584:, the Ghouta region (1546:
1468:
1418:
1407:
812:holiest city in Islam563:International airport264:33.51306°N 36.29194°E28:Capital city in Syria15798:New Testament cities15014:Tanukhid confederacy14849:New Kingdom of Egypt13813:United Arab Emirates13479:United Arab Emirates12756:United Arab Emirates12122:al-Surah al-Saghirah10524:Yusuf al-Azma Square10384:Damascus Opera House10214:Chapel of Saint Paul10116:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya10101:Al-Zahiriyah Library10076:Al-Qilijiyah Madrasa10040:October War Panorama9977:Mausoleum of Saladin9871:The Innocents Abroad9869:Twain, Mark (1869).9661:Burns, Ross (2005).9172:on 11 September 20088945:on 30 September 20028939:"Worldmonuments.org"8852:World Monuments Fund8820:. Associated Press.7880:Augustus Henry Keane7617:Tyerman, Christopher6506:J.F. Healey (2001).6272:, Wayne T. Pitard".6249:26 July 2018 at the6012:. pp.119–126.5254:October War Panorama5138:The main airport is5123:links the city with4960:Global Heritage Fund4948:Old City of Damascus4911:World Monuments Fund4849:Old Damascene houses4816:Az-Zahiriyah Library4794:Mausoleum of Saladin4715:Chapel of Saint Paul4675:Chapel of Saint Paul4593:, where the tomb of4567:St. John the Baptist4470:Old city of Damascus4391:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya4376:Chapel of Saint Paul4283:St Georges Cathedral4279:Chapel of Saint Paul3947:Damascus Opera House3917:Old City of Damascus3807:A.C.N. 'Harry' Olden3776:King Faisal of Syria3715:The Innocents Abroad3622:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya3543:Damascus in 1690 by3510:(between modern-day3349:Richard I of England3325:Battle of Montgisard3302:Amalric of Jerusalem3276:Kingdom of Jerusalem2888:where they fought a2789:Acts of the Apostles2707:, who joined him in2408:Nicolaus of Damascus2337:) was ruled by king2300:Timeline of Damascus1695:Record high °C (°F)1628:Köppen-Geiger system1422:overlooking the city1215:name of the city is1067:of the ancient name910:Mausoleum of Saladin425:•Density304:Damascus Governorate78:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya19:For other uses, see14726:Neo-Assyrian Empire14509:Paleo-Syrian states13728:Qal’at Salah El-Din13722:Crac des Chevaliers13063:Status of Jerusalem12839:Episkopi Cantonment12592:Bandar Seri Begawan11967:Rasm Harmil al-Imam10916:April 2012 bombings10911:March 2012 bombings10856:1992 Pan Arab Games10831:1976 Pan Arab Games10669:Municipal districts10608:Al-Muhafaza Stadium10514:Sabaa Bahrat Square10492:Streets and squares10389:Damascus University10326:Jaqmaq Caravansarai10242:Mariamite Cathedral10096:Al-Sibaiyah Madrasa10081:Al-Rukniyah Madrasa10066:Al-Fathiyah Madrasa10056:Al-Adiliyah Madrasa10010:Hejaz Train Station9987:Citadel of Damascus9684:Il Minareto di Gesù9664:Damascus: A History9064:2023DiSus...4...24A8733:. 5 November 2010.8344:on 12 February 20128010:on 23 November 20207592:. pp.216–227.7298:12 May 2016 at the7135:Damascus: A History7133:Burns, Ross (2007)6658:2006MetZe..15..259K6620:on 28 October 2012.6543:(1997). "AL-SHĀM".5942:16 May 2011 at the5474:Western Neo-Aramaic5252:, Military Museum,5204:, about 1km (4986:Damascus University4979:Damascus University4887:Ministry of Culture4843:Khan Sulayman Pasha4811:Al-Adiliyah Madrasa4677:marking this event,4499:Citadel of Damascus4458:Muhammad al-Yaqoubi3921:World Heritage Site3869:Great Syrian Revolt3794:On 1 October 1918,3698:Citadel of Damascus3569:In early 1516, the3471:, to put an end to3353:Philip II of France3313:Battle of al-Babein3183:in 1097, conquered2873:Khalid ibn al-Walid2779:The old borough of2617:at the entrance of2571:Alexander the Great2530:Tiglath-Pileser III2505:Neo-Assyrian Empire2484:, Damascus annexed2096:Average snowy days1905:Record low °C (°F)1462:occupies the rest.1024:(1550–1069BC)928:Names and etymology260: / 15533:: Emmaus Nicopolis15516:: Aelia Capitolina15328:Of legion veterans15185:Gallia Narbonensis15167:Gallia Lugdunensis15131:Britannia Inferior15103:Britannia Superior14969:Herodian Tetrarchy14048:State of Palestine13935:State of Palestine10583:Abbasiyyin Stadium10106:Nur al-Din Madrasa9775:Kaegi, Walter Emil9733:. Kangaroo Press.9521:on 28 October 20169425:buenosaires.gob.ar9372:on 25 October 20208680:. 3 October 2013.8619:. 4 January 2013.8177:. 16 August 2017.8145:. September 2019.7562:, pp.148–1497454:, pp.137–1387442:, pp.135–1367430:, pp.130–1327418:, pp.121–1227382:, pp.106–1077358:, pp.103–1047239:"VII. Coele-Syria"7057:received tradition6080:City & Society5981:Sub-national HDI.5444:
5438:being sold in the5429:
5419:Nearby attractions5396:, to a picture by5275:
5263:Sports and leisure5238:
5194:
5166:
5081:
4982:
4937:King Faysal Street4871:As'ad Pasha al-Azm4859:
4821:Nur al-Din Madrasa4799:Nabi Habeel Mosque4773:
4771:cemetery, Damascus4757:
4737:Saint Paul's Laura4639:
4608:
4541:, the seat of the4494:
4480:
4315:There was a small4130:
4122:Charles G. Addison4110:
4025:
3959:
3951:
3851:Battle of Maysalun3792:
3750:
3567:
3559:
3548:
3424:
3412:
3225:
3091:
3027:
2938:
2850:Rashidun Caliphate2846:
2777:
2656:
2622:
2583:Seleucus I Nicator2565:Hellenistic period2519:of Israel, in the2511:of Damascus led a2443:
2395:), was founded by1632:rain shadow effect1551:
1489:in the southwest,1479:
1424:
1413:
1330:land of the Levant859:rain shadow effect646:Referenceno.626:i, ii, iii, iv, vi379:•Urban269:33.51306; 36.2919415725:
15724:
15701:
15700:
15697:
15696:
15526:Caesarea Maritima15450:Possible colonies15340:Caesarea Maritima15298:
15297:
15257:Castra Taurinorum15203:Germania Inferior15043:
15042:
14984:Nabataean Kingdom14959:Hasmonean dynasty14954:Ghassanid Kingdom14667:Achaemenid Empire14503:Ib'al Confederacy14142:Kish civilization14087:
14086:
13744:
13743:
13734:
13726:
13648:
13647:
13630:
13629:
13564:
13548:
13274:
13273:
13077:
13076:
13043:
13042:
12477:Camp Thunder Cove12240:
12239:
11582:al-Hajar al-Aswad10962:
10961:
10931:July 2012 bombing10921:May 2012 bombings10901:2011–2012 clashes10663:
10662:
10593:Al-Fayhaa Stadium10356:Al-Buzuriyah Souq10351:Al-Hamidiyah Souq10346:Midhat Pasha Souq10268:
10267:
10252:Oriental Orthodox10164:Sayyidah Ruqayyah10111:Salimiyya Takiyya10091:Salimiyya Madrasa10086:Al-Sahiba Madrasa10025:Temple of Jupiter10015:Statue of Saladin9813:978-1-84176-179-49740:978-0-7318-1071-09721:978-2-228-90235-99695:. Pen and Sword.9674:978-0-415-27105-99639:978-0-7318-1071-09620:978-8-8826-5233-39545:destinotoledo.com9515:greatistanbul.com9455:diariocordoba.com8577:978-90-04-11638-28461:978-0-521-52104-88364:Syria census 20048062:on 21 March 2012.7293:The Sealed Nectar7282:, pp.42–43.7270:, pp.75–77.7211:978-0-901405-58-67188:, pp.35–37.6836:. Bible Gateway.6480:978-90-04-11589-76364:www.kalmasoft.com6206:. 5 November 20186129:978-0-19-280094-76019:978-1-5760-7919-55962:. macrotrends.net5778:. 25 April 2017.5728:
5716:
5657:Damascus Document5394:Cafes in Damascus5107:in the north and4958:In October 2010,4755:Saladin mausoleum4547:Medhat Pasha Souq4487:Al-Hamidiyah Souq4438:Munira al-Qubaysi3961:By January 2012,3881:Medhat Pasha Souq3877:Al-Hamidiyah Souq3867:When in 1925 the3862:Mandate for Syria3859:League of Nations3660:, Christians and3654:Cafes in Damascus3634:Salimiyya Madrasa3492:besieged Damascus3266:Mu'in al-Din Unur3237:Imad al-Din Zengi3229:Taj al-Muluk Buri3149:) and hospitals (3035:Battle of the Zab2841:Courtyard of the2809:Jewish Christians2791:, Saint Paul and2724:Septimius Severus2619:Al-Hamidiyah Souq2551:Nebuchadnezzar II2474:Kingdom of Israel2290:
2289:
2142:relative humidity1620:cool arid climate1598:
1380:Old South Arabian1037:
1036:
1025:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
969:
968:
965:
964:
874:Umayyad Caliphate838:Madīnat al-Yāsmīn792:
673:
672:
469:
411:•Rank342:•Type169:Show map of Syria15805:
15763:Capitals in Asia15497:
15496:
15477:Emmaus Nicopolis15345:Aelia Capitolina15325:
15324:
15313:
15306:
15099:
15098:
15070:
15063:
15056:
15047:
15046:
14994:Palmyrene Empire14964:Herodian kingdom14938:Byzantine Empire14753:Israel (Samaria)14114:
14107:
14100:
14091:
14090:
13771:
13764:
13757:
13748:
13747:
13732:
13724:
13701:Ancient City of13675:
13668:
13661:
13652:
13651:
13562:
13546:
13318:
13317:
13301:
13294:
13287:
13278:
13277:
13174:
13104:
13097:
13090:
13081:
13080:
12631:Christmas Island12625:Flying Fish Cove12301:
12300:
12267:
12260:
12253:
12244:
12243:
12087:al-Shaykh Maskin11787:Khirbet Ghazaleh11617:Harran al-Awamid11208:Maarat al-Numaan11203:Jisr ash-Shughur11097:
11001:
11000:
10989:
10982:
10975:
10966:
10965:
10952:
10951:
10891:2008 car bombing10603:Tishreen Stadium10598:Al-Jalaa Stadium10573:
10572:
10478:Blue Tower Hotel10234:Eastern Orthodox10197:
10196:
9967:Khan As'ad Pasha9939:
9932:
9925:
9916:
9915:
9901:
9900:(11thed.).9893:
9891:"Damascus"9874:
9865:
9848:(373): 805–819.9836:
9817:
9805:
9794:
9770:
9758:
9752:
9744:
9725:
9712:Jacques de Molay9706:
9687:
9678:
9657:
9643:
9624:
9591:
9590:
9588:
9586:
9567:
9561:
9560:
9558:
9556:
9537:
9531:
9530:
9528:
9526:
9507:
9501:
9500:
9498:
9496:
9477:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9466:
9447:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9436:
9417:
9411:
9410:
9408:
9406:
9388:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9377:
9358:
9352:
9351:
9349:
9347:
9332:
9326:
9325:
9323:
9321:
9304:
9302:
9300:
9282:
9276:
9273:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9262:
9250:Associated Press9240:
9234:
9233:
9231:
9229:
9214:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9198:on 5 August 20119188:
9182:
9181:
9179:
9177:
9162:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9151:
9135:
9129:
9128:
9126:
9124:
9108:
9102:
9101:
9091:
9043:
9037:
9036:
9034:
9032:
9013:
9007:
9006:
9004:
9002:
8987:
8981:
8980:
8978:
8976:
8961:
8955:
8954:
8952:
8950:
8935:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8909:
8903:
8902:
8900:
8898:
8892:
8885:
8877:
8871:
8870:
8868:
8866:
8861:on 20 March 20138860:
8854:. Archived from8849:
8840:
8834:
8833:
8831:
8829:
8809:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8798:
8783:
8777:
8776:
8774:
8772:
8753:
8747:
8746:
8744:
8742:
8727:
8721:
8700:
8694:
8693:
8691:
8689:
8674:
8668:
8665:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8645:. 5 March 2015.8639:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8628:
8609:
8603:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8561:
8555:
8554:
8552:
8550:
8536:
8530:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8510:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8499:
8494:on 18 April 20168490:. Archived from8484:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8442:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8431:
8412:
8403:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8379:
8373:
8360:
8354:
8353:
8351:
8349:
8334:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8323:
8308:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8286:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8275:
8260:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8249:
8229:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8218:
8203:
8197:
8196:
8189:
8183:
8182:
8172:
8165:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8154:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8124:
8102:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8082:. 10 June 2012.8070:
8064:
8063:
8058:. Archived from8052:
8046:
8039:
8033:
8026:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8015:
8009:
8002:
7993:
7987:
7981:
7975:
7964:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7953:
7923:
7917:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7901:
7893:
7868:
7862:
7859:Ibn Khaldun 19527856:
7850:
7832:
7826:
7820:
7814:
7808:
7802:
7796:
7790:
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7563:
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7527:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7507:. Archived from7497:
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7437:
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7425:
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7395:
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7347:
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7335:
7334:, pp.98–997329:
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7054:
7053:
7051:
7032:
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7025:, pp.21–237020:
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6973:
6972:, pp.13–146967:
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6715:
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6698:. climates.com.6697:
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5899:. 3 August 2024.5893:
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3475:. Later on, the3444:Mamluk Sultanate3370:in 1191 and the3347:in 1189, led by3333:Battle of Hattin3283:conquered Edessa3241:Isma'ili Muslims3010:in the northern2980:John the Baptist2894:Eastern Orthodox2862:
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7186:Abdulkarim 20037184:
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7137:Routledge pg 527132:
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5731:Semitic sky-god5698:
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5507:
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5497:
5484:above sea level5421:
5384:variants), and5372:(water pipes).5265:
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4210:Greek community4174:
4126:British Library4080:
4075:
4059:food processing4013:
3939:
3933:
3805:, led by Major3756:program of the3739:
3733:
3728:
3670:Damascus affair3537:
3531:Damascus Eyalet3527:
3410:Woodcut of 14973404:
3384:Ayyubid sultans3376:Treaty of Jaffa3372:Battle of Jaffa3368:Battle of Arsuf3281:In 1144, Zengi3170:moral authority3128:
3052:Ahmad ibn Tulun2952:as well as the2930:
2857:
2828:
2826:Rashidun period2722:by the Emperor2668:Caesar Augustus2660:Herod the Great2607:
2591:Syrian Laodicea2567:
2555:Neo-Babylonians2461:, based in the2435:
2429:
2323:
2308:
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2296:
2291:
2050:
2043:
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2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
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1988:
1983:
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1618:Damascus has a1616:
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1385:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1305:region of Syria1254:
1146:Biblical Hebrew1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1022:
1006:
988:
936:
930:
878:Abbasid dynasty855:above sea level772:
736:
727:
726:
719:
683:
679:
635:
600:
577:
555:
501:
461:
417:
317:
285:
283:
268:
266:
262:
259:
254:
251:
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247:
246:
240:
239:
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237:
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232:Damascus (Asia)230:
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39:
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29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
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9950:
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9224:on 11 May 20119209:
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9038:
9008:
8982:
8971:on 15 May 20118956:
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8904:
8893:on 13 May 20088872:
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8270:on 11 May 20118255:
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8112:Al-Masdar News8097:
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6806:, pp.5–66793:
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6775:Moore, A.M.T.6768:
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6652:(3): 259–263.6632:
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5844:Almaany Team.5836:
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3571:Ottoman Empire3526:
3525:Ottoman period3523:
3500:Umayyad Mosque3403:
3400:
3329:besieged Kerak3300:In 1164, King3210:Marj al-Saffar3140:Abu Nasr Duqaq3127:
3124:
2954:Christian Arab2929:
2926:
2861: 634–6442843:Umayyad Mosque2827:
2824:
2711:when he was a2697:Arabia Petraea2624:In 64 BC, the2615:Jupiter Temple2606:
2603:
2566:
2563:
2451:Semitic people2431:Main article:2428:
2425:
2331:Amarna letters2322:
2319:
2307:
2304:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:sunshine hours2232:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:sunshine hours2185:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
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2151:
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2137:
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2133:
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2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
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2103:
2100:
2097:
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2089:
2086:
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2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1832:
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1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
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1786:
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1766:
1762:
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1706:
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1696:
1692:
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1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1615:
1612:
1526:(the migrants)1512:Ottoman Empire1410:Spot satellite1401:
1398:
1150:Amarna letters1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1012:
1011:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
993:
990:
985:
982:
967:
966:
963:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
929:
926:
914:Jewish Quarter906:Umayyad Mosque671:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
657:
653:
652:
647:
643:
642:
632:
628:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
612:
611:
606:
602:
601:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
575:
571:
570:
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559:
558:
552:
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539:
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522:
519:
513:
512:
509:
503:
502:
499:
497:
493:
492:
482:
476:
475:
455:
449:
448:
445:
441:
440:
437:
430:
429:
426:
422:
421:
412:
408:
407:
404:
397:
396:
392:
391:
388:
384:
383:
380:
376:
375:
372:
365:
364:
360:
359:
356:
349:
348:
343:
339:
338:
334:
333:
328:
327:Municipalities324:
323:
312:
308:
307:
306:, Capital City301:
295:
294:
281:
277:
276:
242:
241:
231:
225:
224:
217:
216:
210:
209:
208:
207:
198:
192:
191:
184:
183:
177:
176:
175:
174:
165:
159:
158:
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150:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
115:
111:
110:
104:
98:
94:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
61:Umayyad Mosque59:
58:
50:
49:
44:
41:
40:
37:
34:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15811:
15810:
15799:
15796:
15794:
15791:
15789:
15786:
15784:
15781:
15779:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15766:
15764:
15761:
15759:
15756:
15754:
15751:
15749:
15746:
15744:
15741:
15739:
15736:
15735:
15733:
15718:
15714:
15711:
15708:
15707:
15704:
15689:
15686:
15683:
15680:
15679:
15677:
15675:
15671:
15664:
15661:
15658:
15655:
15652:
15649:
15646:
15643:
15641:
15638:
15636:
15633:
15630:
15627:
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15624:
15622:
15618:
15611:
15608:
15605:
15602:
15599:
15596:
15593:
15590:
15587:
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15583:
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15568:
15565:
15562:
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15549:
15545:
15538:
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15532:
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15509:
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15480:
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15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15454:
15452:
15448:
15442:
15439:
15437:
15436:Philippopolis15434:
15432:
15429:
15427:
15424:
15422:
15419:
15417:
15414:
15412:
15409:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15401:Arca Caesarea15399:
15397:
15394:
15392:
15389:
15387:
15384:
15382:
15379:
15377:
15374:
15372:
15369:
15367:
15364:
15363:
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15351:
15348:
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15332:
15330:
15326:
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15317:
15312:
15305:
15291:
15288:
15287:
15285:
15283:
15279:
15273:
15270:
15268:
15265:
15263:
15260:
15258:
15255:
15253:
15250:
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15247:
15245:
15241:
15235:
15232:
15231:
15229:
15227:
15223:
15217:
15214:
15212:
15209:
15208:
15206:
15204:
15200:
15194:
15193:Narbo Martius15191:
15190:
15188:
15186:
15182:
15176:
15173:
15172:
15170:
15168:
15164:
15158:
15155:
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15150:
15146:
15140:
15137:
15136:
15134:
15132:
15128:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15112:
15109:
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15106:
15104:
15100:
15097:
15093:
15086:
15082:
15078:
15071:
15066:
15064:
15059:
15057:
15052:
15051:
15048:
15036:
15033:
15031:
15028:
15027:
15025:
15021:
15015:
15012:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14987:
14985:
14982:
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14977:
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14972:
14970:
14967:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14939:
14935:
14931:
14927:
14924:
14923:
14921:
14919:
14918:Classical Age14915:
14907:
14904:
14902:
14899:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14884:
14883:
14882:
14881:
14877:
14873:
14870:
14868:
14865:
14862:
14859:
14858:
14857:
14856:
14852:
14850:
14847:
14841:
14838:
14836:
14833:
14831:
14828:
14826:
14823:
14821:
14818:
14816:
14813:
14812:
14811:
14808:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14789:
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14784:
14781:
14780:
14779:
14776:
14774:
14771:
14769:
14766:
14764:
14761:
14759:
14756:
14754:
14751:
14749:
14746:
14744:
14741:
14740:
14739:
14738:
14734:
14732:
14729:
14727:
14724:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14679:Aram-Damascus14677:
14676:
14675:
14674:
14670:
14668:
14665:
14664:
14662:
14660:
14656:
14648:
14645:
14644:
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14642:
14638:
14636:
14633:
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14628:
14626:
14623:
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14609:
14606:
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14600:
14599:
14598:
14594:
14590:
14587:
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14582:
14580:
14577:
14576:
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14574:
14570:
14566:
14563:
14561:
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14556:
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14551:
14547:
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14542:
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14534:
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14528:
14525:
14521:
14518:
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14516:
14513:
14512:
14511:
14510:
14506:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14496:
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14481:
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14477:
14475:
14472:
14470:
14467:
14466:
14465:
14464:
14460:
14458:
14455:
14453:
14450:
14446:
14443:
14441:
14438:
14436:
14433:
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14428:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14383:
14381:
14378:
14376:
14373:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14342:
14339:
14337:
14334:
14332:
14329:
14327:
14324:
14322:
14319:
14318:
14317:
14316:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14300:
14297:
14293:
14290:
14288:
14285:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14275:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14265:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14237:First Babylon14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14214:
14213:
14212:
14208:
14206:
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14198:
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14131:
14127:
14123:
14115:
14110:
14108:
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14101:
14096:
14095:
14092:
14079:
14075:
14072:
14069:
14065:
14062:
14059:
14055:
14052:
14049:
14045:
14042:
14039:
14035:
14032:
14029:
14025:
14022:
14019:
14015:
14012:
14009:
14005:
14002:
13999:
13995:
13992:
13989:
13985:
13982:
13979:
13975:
13972:
13969:
13965:
13962:
13959:
13955:
13952:
13949:
13945:
13942:
13939:
13936:
13932:
13929:
13926:
13923:
13919:
13916:
13913:
13910:
13906:
13903:
13900:
13897:
13893:
13890:
13887:
13884:
13880:
13877:
13874:
13870:
13867:
13864:
13860:
13857:
13854:
13850:
13847:
13844:
13840:
13837:
13834:
13830:
13827:
13824:
13820:
13817:
13814:
13810:
13807:
13804:
13800:
13797:
13794:
13790:
13787:
13786:
13783:
13779:
13772:
13767:
13765:
13760:
13758:
13753:
13752:
13749:
13737:
13731:
13729:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13700:
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13694:
13691:
13690:
13687:
13683:
13676:
13671:
13669:
13664:
13662:
13657:
13656:
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13641:
13638:
13637:
13634:
13622:
13618:
13617:
13613:
13611:
13607:
13606:
13602:
13600:
13596:
13595:
13591:
13589:
13585:
13584:
13580:
13578:
13574:
13573:
13569:
13561:
13560:
13555:
13552:
13545:
13544:
13540:
13539:
13537:
13535:
13531:
13530:
13526:
13524:
13520:
13519:
13515:
13513:
13509:
13508:
13504:
13502:
13498:
13497:
13493:
13491:
13487:
13486:
13482:
13480:
13476:
13475:
13471:
13470:
13467:
13461:
13457:
13456:
13452:
13450:
13446:
13445:
13441:
13439:
13435:
13434:
13430:
13428:
13424:
13423:
13419:
13417:
13413:
13412:
13408:
13406:
13402:
13401:
13397:
13395:
13391:
13390:
13386:
13381:
13380:
13375:
13374:
13370:
13369:
13367:
13366:
13363:
13359:
13358:
13354:
13352:
13348:
13347:
13343:
13341:
13337:
13336:
13332:
13331:
13328:
13327:
13319:
13314:
13310:
13302:
13297:
13295:
13290:
13288:
13283:
13282:
13279:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13261:(Beit She'an)13260:
13256:
13254:
13252:
13248:
13247:
13245:
13241:
13235:
13232:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13220:
13217:
13215:
13213:
13209:
13207:
13205:
13201:
13199:
13198:(Tell Ashari)13197:
13193:
13191:
13189:
13185:
13184:
13182:
13178:
13173:
13163:
13161:
13157:
13155:
13152:
13150:
13147:
13145:
13143:
13139:
13137:
13135:
13131:
13129:
13127:
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13122:
13120:
13116:
13112:
13105:
13100:
13098:
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13086:
13085:
13082:
13072:
13068:
13064:
13060:
13056:
13052:
13047:
13036:
13032:
13031:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13021:
13020:South Ossetia13016:
13015:
13011:
13009:
13005:
13004:
13000:
12998:
12994:
12993:
12989:
12987:
12984:
12983:
12978:
12977:
12973:
12971:
12967:
12966:
12962:
12960:
12956:
12955:
12951:
12949:
12945:
12944:
12939:
12938:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12928:
12923:
12922:
12921:North Nicosia12918:
12916:
12912:
12911:
12907:
12905:
12901:
12900:
12896:
12895:
12893:
12888:
12884:
12883:
12879:
12877:
12873:
12872:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12859:
12858:
12854:
12851:
12847:
12846:
12841:
12840:
12836:
12834:
12830:
12829:
12825:
12823:
12819:
12818:
12814:
12812:
12808:
12807:
12803:
12801:
12797:
12796:
12792:
12790:
12786:
12785:
12781:
12779:
12775:
12774:
12770:
12768:
12764:
12763:
12759:
12757:
12753:
12752:
12748:
12747:
12745:
12739:
12735:
12734:
12729:
12728:
12724:
12722:
12718:
12717:
12713:
12711:
12710:
12706:
12704:
12700:
12699:
12695:
12693:
12689:
12688:
12684:
12682:
12678:
12677:
12673:
12671:
12667:
12666:
12662:
12660:
12656:
12655:
12651:
12649:
12645:
12644:
12640:
12637:
12633:
12632:
12627:
12626:
12622:
12620:
12616:
12615:
12611:
12609:
12605:
12604:
12600:
12598:
12594:
12593:
12589:
12588:
12586:
12581:
12577:
12576:
12572:
12570:
12566:
12565:
12561:
12559:
12555:
12554:
12550:
12548:
12544:
12543:
12539:
12537:
12533:
12532:
12528:
12526:
12522:
12521:
12517:
12515:
12511:
12510:
12506:
12504:
12500:
12499:
12495:
12493:
12489:
12485:
12484:
12479:
12478:
12474:
12473:
12471:
12466:
12462:
12461:
12457:
12456:
12454:
12448:
12444:
12443:
12439:
12437:
12433:
12432:
12428:
12426:
12425:
12420:
12419:
12415:
12413:
12409:
12408:
12404:
12402:
12398:
12397:
12393:
12391:
12387:
12386:
12382:
12381:
12379:
12373:
12369:
12368:
12364:
12362:
12358:
12357:
12353:
12351:
12347:
12346:
12342:
12340:
12336:
12335:
12331:
12329:
12325:
12324:
12320:
12319:
12317:
12316:
12302:
12297:
12293:
12289:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12268:
12263:
12261:
12256:
12254:
12249:
12248:
12245:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12222:al-Yaarubiyah12220:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12212:Urum al-Kubra12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12172:Tell al-Daman12170:
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11928:
11927:al-Qahtaniyah11925:
11923:
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11918:
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11913:
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11905:
11903:
11902:al-Nashabiyah11900:
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11733:
11732:Kafr Takharim11730:
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11527:al-Darbasiyah11525:
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11420:
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10932:
10929:
10927:
10926:Battle (2012)10924:
10922:
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10917:
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10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10821:Battle (1941)10819:
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10812:
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10545:Pharpar River10543:
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10317:
10311:
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10290:Bab al-Saghir10288:
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10162:
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10139:Darwish Pasha10137:
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9667:. Routledge.9666:
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8030:History Today8025:
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7872:Élisée Reclus7867:
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7848:
7844:
7840:
7837:
7831:
7825:, p.80.7824:
7819:
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7800:
7795:
7788:
7783:
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7775:Demurger 20077771:
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7763:Runciman 19877759:
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7574:, p.1517573:
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7540:
7536:
7532:
7526:
7511:on 7 May 20207510:
7506:
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7466:, p.1397465:
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7429:
7424:
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7412:
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5475:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5425:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5408:Tishreen Park5405:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5362:Arabic coffee5359:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5273:
5269:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5232:
5223:
5219:
5217:
5203:
5199:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5077:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4980:
4976:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4953:
4949:
4946:In 2007, the4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4915:
4912:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4877:Bayt al-Aqqad4875:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4769:Bab al-Saghir4766:
4761:
4753:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4688:
4687:Bab al-Jabiya4685:
4682:
4681:Bab al-Saghir4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4636:
4632:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4613:Bab al-Saghir4606:
4602:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4476:
4471:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4407:
4400:
4395:
4392:
4385:
4380:
4377:
4370:
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4362:
4355:
4350:
4347:
4340:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4236:Twelver Shi'a4233:
4229:
4225:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:privatization4060:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4022:
4017:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3955:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3915:In 1979, the3913:
3911:
3910:Levant Crisis3907:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3822:king of Syria3819:
3815:
3814:Prince Faisal3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3796:T.E. Lawrence3789:
3785:
3781:
3780:T.E. Lawrence3777:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3754:turkicisation3748:
3743:
3738:
3726:Modern period3723:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3690:Mount Lebanon3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3674:ritual murder3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3563:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3535:Syria Vilayet3532:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3508:Burj al-Ru'us3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3416:
3408:
3402:Mamluk period3399:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3364:lengthy siege3360:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3345:Third Crusade3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:a new crusade3284:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3189:Mount Lebanon3186:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:Islamic Syria2915:
2914:Syrian Desert2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2886:Yarmouk River2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2771:The Biblical2769:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2726:. During the2725:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2616:
2613:Ruins of the2611:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:Demetrius III2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2514:
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2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
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2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:Aram-Damascus2452:
2448:
2439:
2434:
2433:Aram-Damascus2427:Aram-Damascus2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2399:, the son of2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:Hattusili III2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2301:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:Mean monthly2186:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2047:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1977:precipitation1973:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1630:, due to the1629:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
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1545:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:Jabal Qasioun1492:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1460:Jabal Qasioun1456:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1420:Mount Qasioun1417:
1411:
1406:
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1394:
1381:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1342:
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1306:
1302:
1297:
1291:
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1279:
1269:
1264:
1262:
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1237:
1233:
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1214:
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1204:
1200:
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1194:
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875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
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829:
818:
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809:
805:
801:
796:
790:
781:
777:
776:
766:
730:
724:
723:
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677:
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664:
661:
658:
654:
651:
648:
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639:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
610:
607:
605:Official name603:
599:
594:
590:
586:
576:
572:
569:
566:
564:
560:
553:
550:
546:
543:
540:
538:
534:
530:
528:
527:ISO 3166 code524:
520:
518:
514:
510:
508:
504:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:
481:
477:
473:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
436:
433:•431:
427:
423:
420:
416:
413:
409:
405:
403:
400:•398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
371:
368:•366:
361:
357:
355:
352:•350:
347:
344:
340:
335:
332:
329:
325:
322:
318: 10 000313:
311:First settled309:
305:
302:
300:
296:
293:
282:
278:
273:
245:Coordinates:243:
214:
181:
148:
138:
119:
112:
102:
92:
84:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:Mount Qasioun62:
56:
51:
47:
42:
32:
26:
22:
15640:Dura-Europos15634:
15600:: Heliopolis15493:modern names15441:Dura-Europos15395:
15081:Ancient Rome14934:Roman Empire14926:Ancient Rome14878:
14853:
14735:
14671:
14639:
14595:
14571:
14507:
14461:
14313:
14209:
14152:Chagar Bazar13914:
13833:Saudi Arabia13711:
13708:Ancient City13693:Ancient City13614:
13610:Saudi Arabia13603:
13592:
13581:
13570:
13557:
13547:(proclaimed)13541:
13527:
13517:
13516:
13505:
13494:
13483:
13472:
13453:
13442:
13431:
13420:
13409:
13398:
13387:
13377:
13371:
13355:
13344:
13333:
13307:Capitals of13258:
13250:
13214:(Ar-Rafi'ah)13211:
13203:
13195:
13187:
13186:
13159:
13141:
13133:
13126:Philadelphia13125:
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13028:
13023:
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10796:Siege (1148)10786:Jund Dimashq10742:Al-Salihiyah10677:Old Damascus10645:Al-Shorta SC10540:Barada River10509:Rawda Square10365:Culture and10295:Bab al-Salam10005:Maktab Anbar9953:Historic and9945:
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9870:
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